Table of contents

The table of contents is a non-comprehensive list of articles the editors of WikiAnesthesia feel should exist and will continuously evolve as the site grows from contributions from the anesthesia community.

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Surgical procedures

Cardiac surgery

• Aortic procedures
  • Aortic aneurysm repair (AAA)
  • Aortoplasty for supravalvular stenosis
  • Repair of aortic aneurysm with graft
• Circulatory assist procedures
  • Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)
  • Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
  • Insertion of ventricular assist device (Redirects: LVAD, RVAD, BiVAD)
  • Insertion of permanently implantable aortic counterpulsation ventricular assist device (VAD)
  • Insertion of percutaneous ventricular assist device (pVAD)
  • Implantation of total replacement heart system
• Electrophysiology procedures
  • Insertion of pacemaker or ICD
  • Intracardiac catheter ablation for the treatment of arrhythmia
  • Loop recorder implantation
• Myocardial procedures
  • Excision of intracardiac tumor
  • Ventriculomyotomy
  • Ventricular aneurysmectomy
• Cardiac revascularization procedures
  • Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
  • Off-pump and minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB)
  • Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
  • Transmyocardial laser revascularization
  • Coronary endarterectomy
• Pericardial procedures
  • Pericardiocentesis
  • Pericardiectomy
• Septal procedures
  • Septal myectomy/myotomy
  • Transcatheter closure of ASD or VSD
  • Open repair of ASD or VSD
• Transplant procedures
  • Heart transplant
  • Heart-lung transplant
  • Lung transplant (Redirect: BOLT)
• Valvular procedures
  • Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
  • Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR)
  • Aortic valve repair or replacement (AVR)
  • Mitral valve repair or replacement (MVR)
  • Tricuspid valve repair or replacement
  • Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty

General surgery

• Biliary tract surgery
  • Cholecystectomy
  • Excision of bile duct tumor
  • Choledochal cyst excision or anastomosis
  • Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage
  • Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
  • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
• Breast surgery
  • Mastectomy
  • Breast biopsy
  • Breast lumpectomy
  • Sentinel lymph node biopsy
• Colorectal surgery
  • Anorectal surgery
    • Hemorrhoidectomy
    • Lateral internal sphincterotomy
    • Incision and drainage of perianal abscess
    • High resolution anoscopy (HRA)
    • Sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence
  • Colectomy
  • Pelvic exenteration
  • Proctectomy
  • Rectal prolapse surgery
    • Mucosal sleeve resection (Delorme Procedure)
    • Perineal rectosigmoidectomy
    • Rectopexy
• Endocrine surgery
  • Adrenalectomy
    • Excision of pheochromocytoma
  • Thyroidectomy
  • Parathyroidectomy
• Esophageal surgery
  • Cervical esophagostomy
  • Esophagectomy
    • Thoracoabdominal esophagectomy
    • Minimally invasive esophagectomy
    • Transhiatal esophagectomy
    • Ivor Lewis esophagectomy
    • McKeown esophagectomy
  • Esophageal diverticulectomy
    • Zenker's divericulectomy
  • Esophagomyotomy
    • Heller myotomy
  • Esophagastric fundoplication
    • Nissen fundoplication
    • Belsey Mark fundoplication
  • Surgical repair of esophageal perforation or rupture
• Hepatic surgery
  • Hepatic resection
  • Hepatorrhaphy
  • Liver transplant
    • Veno-Venous Bypass
• Intestinal surgery
  • Appendectomy
  • Closure of enteric fistula
  • Duodenotomy
  • Enterolysis procedure (Lysis of adhesions)
  • Inguinal hernia repair
  • Meckel's diverticulectomy
  • Ostomy procedure
  • Small bowel resection
  • Ventral hernia repair
• Pancreatic surgery
  • Pancreatectomy
  • Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure)
• Splenic surgery
  • Splenectomy
  • Splenorrhaphy (Repair of ruptured spleen)
• Stomach surgery
  • Gastric resection (Gastrectomy)
  • Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)
  • Gastric or duodenal perforation repair
  • Bariatric surgery
    • Gastric bypass surgery
      • Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
      • Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS)
    • Gastric restrictive surgery
      • Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding
      • Open vertical sleeve gastrectomy
• Trauma surgery
• Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy surgery (HIPEC)

Interventional radiology procedures

• Superior vena cava recanalization

Oral and maxillofacial surgery

• Dental extraction

Neurosurgery

• Functional neurosurgery
  • Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
  • Percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy
  • Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)
  • Responsive neurostimulation (RNS)
• Intracranial neurosurgery
  • Awake craniotomy
  • Bifrontal craniotomy for CSF leak
  • Craniocervical decompression
  • Craniotomy for cerebral embolectomy
  • Craniotomy for decompression of cranial nerves
  • Craniotomy for extracranial-intracranial revascularization (EC-IC bypass)
  • Craniotomy for intracranial aneurysm
  • Craniotomy for intracranial vascular malformations
  • Craniotomy for resection of epileptogenic focus
  • Craniotomy for trauma
  • Craniotomy for tumor resection
  • Transphenoidal resection of pituitary tumor
• Spinal neurosurgery
  • Anterior cervical spine surgery
  • Posterior cervical spine surgery
  • Anterior thoracic spine surgery
  • Posterior thoracic spine surgery
  • Anterior lumbar/lumbosacral spine surgery
  • Posterior lumbar/lumbosacral spine surgery
• CSF aspiration, diversion, or shunt procedures
  • Ventriculocisternostomy (Torkildsen shunt)
  • Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VP shunt)
  • Ventriculoatrial shunt (VA shunt)
• Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
• Neuro interventional radiology procedures
  • Cerebral angiogram

Obstetric and gynecologic surgery

• Cesarean section
• Dilation and curettage (D&C)
• Endometrial ablation
• Hysterectomy (TAH)
• Hysteroscopy
• Myomectomy (Fibroidectomy)
• Oophorectomy (BSO)
• Ovarian torsion surgery
• Pelvic exenteration
• Tubal ligation
• Vaginectomy

Ophthalmology

• Cataract surgery
• Corneal transplant
• Traveculectomy
• Ectropion repair
• Entropion repair
• Ptosis repair
• Eyelid reconstruction
• Pterygium excision
• Repair of ruptured of lacerated globe
• Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
• Enucleation
• Orbitotomy

Orthopedic surgery

• Foot and ankle surgery
• Hand surgery
  • Hand or digit replantation
  • Carpal tunnel release
  • Fixation of fractures and dislocations of the wrist and hand
  • Wrist arthroscopy
  • Darrach procedure
  • Arthrodesis of the wrist
  • Excision of ganglion of the wrist
  • Palmar and digital fasciectomy
  • Repair of laceracted nerves/tendons of the hand
• Hip surgery
  • Hip arthroplasty (THA)
• Lower leg surgery
  • Open reduction and interal fixation of the tibial plateau fracture
• Joint replacement surgery
  • Hip arthroplasty (THA)
  • Knee arthroplasty (TKA)
  • Shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)
• Knee surgery
  • Knee arthroplasty (TKA)
• Orthopedic oncology surgery
• Shoulder surgery
  • Shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)
• Spine surgery
• Sports surgery

Otolaryngology

• Airway procedures
  • Bronchoscopy
  • Deep extubation
  • Laryngoscopy
• Ear, audiovestibular, and temporal bone procedures
  • Cochlear implant surgery
  • Tympanoplasty and/or mastoidectomy
• Esophageal surgery
  • Esophageal diverticulectomy
  • Esophagoscopy
• Jaw surgery
  • Maxillary and mandibular osteotomy
  • Temporomandibular joint surgery
• Pharyngeal surgery
  • Glossectomy
  • Tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy
• Nasal surgery
  • Rhinectomy
  • Rhinoplasty and/or septoplasty
• Neck surgery
  • Brachial cleft cyst excision
  • Cricothyroidotomy
  • Laryngectomy
  • Laryngoplasty
  • Lymph node biopsy
  • Platysmaplasty (Neck lift)
  • Submandibular gland excision
  • Thyroid radiofrequency ablation
  • Tracheal resection
  • Tracheotomy
• Salivary and parotid surgery
  • Parotidectomy
• Sinus surgery
  • Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
  • Maxillectomy

Pediatric surgery

• Pediatric cardiac surgery
  • Anastomosis of pulmonary artery to aorta (Redirects: Damus-Kaye-Stan procedure)
  • Ascending aorta to pulmonary artery shunt (Redirects: Waterson shunt)
  • Banding of pulmonary artery
  • Descending aorta to pulmonary artery shunt (Redirects: Potts-Smith shunt)
  • Excision of coarctation of aorta
  • Repair of pulmonary venous stenosis
  • Repair of anomalous pulmonary venous return
  • Repair of hypoplastic or interrupted aortic arch
  • Repair of transposition of the great arteries
  • Repair of truncus arteriosus (Redirects: Rastelli procedure)
  • Repair of patent ductus arteriosus
  • Subclavian to pulmonary artery shunt (Redirects: Blalock-Taussig shunt)
  • Superior vena cava to pulmonary artery (Redirects: Glenn procedure)
  • Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation
  • Cardiac Catheterization
• Pyloromyotomy
• Pediatric neurosurgery
• Pediatric otorhinolaryngology
  • Myringotomy for ear tubes
• Pediatric urology

Plastic and reconstructive surgery

• Burn surgery
  • Burn wound debridement
  • Burn wound skin grafting
  • Burn wound scar revision
  • Laser treatment for burn scar
• Panniculectomy
• Platysmaplasty (Neck lift)

Thoracic surgery

• Bronchopulmonary lavage
• Chest wall resection
• Diaphragmatic plication
• Drainage of empyema
• Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (Redirects: EBUS-TBNA)
• Lobectomy (Redirects: Wedge resection)
• Lung volume reduction surgery
• Mediastinal tumor resection
• Mediastinoscopy
• Pleural mesothelioma
• Pneumonectomy
• Repair of pectus excavatum or carinatum
• Thoracoplasty
• Thymectomy
• Tracheal resection
• Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (Redirects: VATS)

Vascular surgery

• Arteriovenous access for hemodialysis
• Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)
• Endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR)
• Infrainguinal arterial bypass
• Lumbar sympathectomy
• Permanent vascular access
• Thoracic outlet syndrome surgery
• Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS)
• Varicose vein stripping and ablation
• Femoral artery endarterectomy

Urology

• Brachytherapy
• Circumcision
• Cystectomy
• Cystoscopy
• Hypospadias repair
• Kidney transplant
• Lithotripsy
• Nephrectomy
• Nephrostomy
• Orchiectomy
• Penectomy
• Percutaneous nephrolithotomy or nephrolithotripsy
• Prostatectomy (TURP)
• Pelvic exenteration
• Suprapubic cystostomy
• Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)

Out-of-operating room procedures

• Cardioversion
• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
• Gastroenterology procedures
  • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
  • Colonoscopy
  • Upper GI endoscopy (EGD)

Airway management

• Airway anatomy
• Airway assessment
• Aspiration under anesthesia
• Cormack-Lehane grading system
• Deep extubation
• Difficult airway algorithm
• Endobronchial intubation (Redirects: Mainstem intubation)
• Mallampati score
• One-lung ventilation
  • Bronchial blocker
  • Double-lumen endotracheal tube
• Pediatric airway management
• Preoxygenation
• Transtracheal ventilation

Airway equipment

• Bougie
• Breathing circuits (Redirects: Ayre's T-piece, Bain system, Jackson-Rees, Lack system, Magill system, Mapleson A, Mapleson B, Mapleson C, Mapleson D, Mapleson E, Mapleson F, Waters bag)
• Bronchial blocker
• Endotracheal tubes
  • Double-lumen endotracheal tube (Redirects: DLT, Double-lumen endobronchial tube)
  • Endotracheal tube (Redirects: ETT)
  • Electromyographic endotracheal tube (Redirects: EMG ETT, NIM EMG ETT)
  • Laser-resistant endotracheal tube (Redirects: Laser ETT)
  • Microlaryngeal endotracheal tube (Redirects: Microlaryngoscopy tube, MLT)
  • Reinforced endotracheal tube (Redirects: Armored endotracheal tube, Wire-reinforced endotracheal tube)
  • Ring-Adair-Elwyn endotracheal tube (Redirects: Nasal RAE ETT, Oral RAE ETT, RAE ETT)
• Laryngoscope blades
  • Macintosh laryngoscope blade (Redirects: MAC)
  • Miller laryngoscope blade (Redirects: Miller)
  • Wis-Hipple laryngoscope blade (Redirects: Miller)
• Lighted stylet (Redirects: Lightwand)
• Magill forceps
• Noninvasive ventilation
  • Bag valve mask (Redirects: Ambu bag, BVM)
  • Nasal cannula
  • Non-rebreather mask
  • High-flow nasal cannula (Redirects: HFNC)
• Supraglottic airways
  • Combitube (Redirects: Esophageal-tracheal double-lumen tube)
  • Laryngeal tube (Redirects: King LT)
  • Nasopharyngeal airway (Redirects: Nasal airway)
  • Oropharyngeal airway (Redirects: Oral airway)
  • Laryngeal mask airways
    • Laryngeal mask airway (Redirects: LMA)
    • LMA Fastrach (Redirects: Intubating LMA)
    • LMA ProSeal
    • LMA Unique
    • LMA Supreme
    • I-gel LMA (Redirects: IGel LMA)
• Video laryngoscopes
  • C-Mac
  • Glidescope
• Yankauer suction tip

Airway procedures

• Cricothyrotomy (Redirects: Cric, Crike, Thyrocricotomy, Cricothyroidotomy, Needle cricothyrotomy)
• Endotracheal intubation (Redirects: Intubation)
  • Asleep fiberoptic intubation
  • Awake fiberoptic intubation
  • Nasal intubation
  • Oral intubation
  • Retrograde intubation
• Laryngoscopy
  • Direct laryngoscopy (Redirects: DL)
  • Indirect laryngoscopy (Redirects: Fiberoptic laryngoscopy, VL, Video laryngoscopy)
• Tracheotomy (Redirects: Tracheostomy)

Anatomy and physiology

• Acid-base homeostasis
• Cerebral physiology
• Consciousness
• Cardiovascular anatomy and physiology
• Gastrointestinal physiology
• Hematology
• Hepatic physiology
• Renal physiology
• Respiratory physiology

Comorbidities

Acid-base disorders

• Metabolic acidosis (Redirects: Anion gap metabolic acidosis, Diabetic ketoacidosis, DKA, High anion gap metabolic acidosis, Hyperchloremic acidosis, Ketoacidosis, Lactic acidosis, Nongap metabolic acidosis, Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, Renal tubular acidosis, RTA)
• Metabolic alkalosis (Redirects: Contraction alkalosis)
• Respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis

Cardiovascular disorders

• Acute coronary syndrome (Redirects: MI, Myocardial infarction, Myocardial ischemia, Unstable angina)
• Angina pectoris (Redirects: Prinzmetal's angina, Stable angina)
• Aortic aneurysm
• Aortic dissection (Redirects: Type A dissection, Type B dissection)
• Aortic rupture
• Arteriovenous malformation (Redirects: AVM, Cerebral arteriovenous malformation, Cerebral AVM)
• Brugada syndrome
• Cardiac arrhythmias
  • Asystole
  • Atrial fibrillation (Redirects: Afib)
  • Atrial flutter (Redirects: Aflutter)
  • Bradycardia (Redirects: Sinus bradycardia)
  • Drug-induced QT prolongation (Redirects: QT prolongation)
  • Junctional rhythm
  • Long QT syndrome (Redirects: Romano-Ward syndrome)
  • Pulseless electrical activity (Redirects: PEA)
  • Sick sinus syndrome (Redirects: Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome)
  • Ventricular fibrillation
  • Wandering atrial pacemaker
  • Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (Redirects: WPW)
  • Heart block (Redirects: Atrioventricular block, AV block, SA block, Sinoatrial block)
    • Bundle branch block (Redirects: Bifascicular block)
      • Left anterior fascicular block (Redirects: LAFB)
      • Left bundle branch block (Redirects: LBBB)
      • Left posterior fascicular block (Redirects: LPFB)
      • Right bundle branch block (Redirects: RBBB)
    • First-degree atrioventricular block (Redirects: 1st-degree atrioventricular block)
    • Second-degree atrioventricular block (Redirects: 2nd-degree atrioventricular block, Mobitz I, Mobitz II, Wenckebach block)
    • Third-degree atrioventricular block (Redirects: 3rd-degree atrioventricular block, Complete heart block, Trifascicular block)
  • Premature contraction
    • Premature atrial contraction (Redirects: PAC)
    • Premature junctional contraction (Redirects: PJC)
    • Premature ventricular contraction (Redirects: PVC)
  • Tachycardia
    • Supraventricular tachycardia (Redirects: SVT)
      • Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (Redirects: AVRT)
      • AV-nodal reentrant tachycardia (Redirects: AVNRT)
      • Multifocal atrial tachycardia
      • Sinus tachycardia
    • Ventricular tachycardia
• Cardiac tamponade
• Cardiomyopathy
  • Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Redirects: HOCM)
  • Restrictive cardiomyopathy
  • Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (Redirects: Broken heart syndrome, Stress cardiomyopathy)
  • Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy
• Cardiomegaly
  • Left atrial enlargement (Redirects: LAE)
  • Left ventricular hypertrophy (Redirects: LVH)
  • Right atrial enlargement (Redirects: RAE)
  • Right ventricular hypertrophy (Redirects: RVH)
• Congenital heart defects
  • Absent pulmonary valve syndrome
  • Aortopulmonary septal defects
    • Aortopulmonary window
    • Double outlet right ventricle (Redirects: DORV)
    • Persistent truncus arteriosus (Redirects: PTA)
    • Taussig-Bing syndrome
    • Transposition of the great vessels (Redirects: d-TGA, dextro-Transposition of the great arteries, l-TGA, levo-Transposition of the great arteries, TGA, TGV)
  • Atrial septal defect (Redirects: ASD, Sinus venosus atrial septal defect)
  • Atrioventricular septal defect (Redirects: Atrioventricular canal defect, Endocardial cushion defect, AVSD, Ostium primum atrial septal defect)
  • Bicuspid aortic valve
  • Cor triatriatum
  • Coronary artery anomaly (Redirects: AAOCA, Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery)
  • Crisscross heart
  • Dextrocardia
  • Ebstein's anomaly
  • Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
  • Hypoplastic right heart syndrome (Redirects: Uhl anomaly)
  • Lutembacher's syndrome
  • Tetralogy of Fallot
  • Ventricular inversion
  • Ventricular septal defect (Redirects: VSD)
• Congenital vascular malformations
  • Aberrant subclavian artery
  • Anomalous pulmonary venous connection (Redirects: Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, Scimitar syndrome, Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection)
  • Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
  • Coarctation of the aorta
  • Congenital stenosis of vena cava
  • Double aortic arch
  • Interrupted aortic arch
  • Overriding aorta
  • Patent ductus arteriosus (Redirects: PDA)
  • Persistent left superior vena cava
  • Pulmonary atresia
  • Right-sided aortic arch
  • Stenosis of pulmonary artery
  • Vascular ring
• Coronary artery disease (Redirects: CAD)
• Coronary steal syndrome (Redirects: Cardiac steal syndrome)
• Endocarditis (Redirects: Acute bacterial endocarditis, Infective endocarditis, Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, Subacute bacterial endocarditis)
• Heart failure (Redirects: Biventricular heart failure, CHF, Congestive heart failure, Left-sided heart failure, Right-sided heart failure)
  • Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (Redirects: HFrEF, Systolic heart failure)
  • Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (Redirects: HFpEF, Diastolic dysfunction, Diastolic heart failure)
  • Pulmonary heart disease
• Gestational hypertension
• Hypertension (comorbidity) (Redirects: Essential hypertension, HTN)
• Pericardial effusion
• Pericarditis
• Peripheral artery disease (Redirects: PAD)
• Pulmonary embolism (Redirects: PE)
• Pulmonary heart disease (Redirects: Cor pulmonale)
• Pulmonary hypertension (Redirects: PAH, PH, Pulmonary arterial hypertension)
• Shock
  • Cardiogenic shock
  • Obstructive shock
  • Distributive shock (Redirects: Septic shock)
• Valvular heart disease
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Aortic regurgitation
  • Mitral stenosis
  • Mitral regurgitation
  • Mitral valve prolapse (Redirects: MVP)
  • Pulmonary valve stenosis
  • Pulmonary valve regurgitation (Redirects: Pulmonary valve insufficiency)
  • Tricuspid stenosis (Redirects: TS)
  • Tricuspid regurgitation

Cerebrovascular disorders

• Anterior spinal artery syndrome (Redirects: Beck's syndrome)
• Carotid artery stenosis
• Moyamoya disease
• Epidural hematoma
• Intracranial aneurysm (Redirects: Berry aneurysm, Saccular aneurysm)
• Intracranial hemorrhage (Redirects: Intracerebral hemorrhage, Intraparenchymal hemorrhage, Intraventricular hemorrhage, SAH, Subarachnoid hemorrhage)
• Stroke (Redirects: Cerebral infarction, Cerebrovascular accident, CVA, Hemorrhagic stroke, Ischemic stroke)
• Subdural hematoma (Redirects: SDH)
• Vertebrobasilar insufficiency (Redirects: Subclavian steal syndrome, VBI)

Electrolyte disorders

• Hypercalcemia
• Hyperkalemia
• Hypernatremia
• Hypocalcemia
• Hypokalemia
• Hyponatremia (Redirects: Hypotonic hyponatremia, Isotonic hyponatremia)

Endocrine disorders

• Acromegaly
• Adrenal insufficiency (Redirects: Addison's disease)
• Carcinoid syndrome
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Cushing's syndrome
• Diabetes insipidus
• Diabetes mellitus
  • Gestational diabetes
  • Type 1 diabetes (Redirects: DM1, T1D)
  • Type 2 diabetes (Redirects: DM2, T2D)
• Hyperaldosteronism (Redirects: Bartter syndrome, Conn syndrome)
• Hyperlipidemia (Redirects: HLD)
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism (Redirects: Graves' disease, Thyrotoxicosis)
• Hypoaldosteronism
• Hypoparathyroidism
• Hypothyroidism (Redirects: Cretinism, Euthyroid sick syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Myxedema)
• Kallmann syndrome
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia (Redirects: Sipple syndrome, Wagenmann-Froboese syndrome, Wermer syndrome)
• Obesity
• Pheochromocytoma
• Porphyria (Redirects: Acute intermittent porphyria, AIP)
• Serotonin syndrome
• Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (Redirects: SIADH)

Gastrointestinal disorders

• Acute liver failure (Redirects: ALF, Fulminant hepatic failure, Hepatic encephalopathy)
• Chronic liver disease
  • Cirrhosis (Redirects: Chronic liver failure)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Redirects: Acid reflux, GERD, Heartburn)
• Hepatitis
• Pyloric stenosis

Genetic disorders

• Amyloidosis
• Andersen-Tawil syndrome
• Antithrombin III deficiency
• Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
• Bartter syndrome
• Bernard-Soulier syndrome
• Brugada syndrome
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Congenital afibrinogenemia
• Crouzon syndrome
• Cystic fibrosis (Redirects: CF)
• Down syndrome (Redirects: Trisomy 21)
• Dysfibrinogenemia
• Edwards syndrome (Redirects: Trisomy 18)
• Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (Redirects: EDS)
• Epidermolysis bullosa (Redirects: EB)
• Fabry disease
• Factor V Leiden
• Fanconi syndrome
• Friedreich's ataxia
• Gitelman syndrome
• Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
• Glycogen storage disease (Redirects: Aldolase A deficiency, Andersen disease, Cori's disease, Forbes' disease, Hers' disease, McArdle disease, Pompe disease, Tarui's disease, von Gierke's disease)
• Gray platelet syndrome
• Hemophilia
• Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Redirects: HHT, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome)
• Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome
• Huntington's disease
• Hypoprothrombinemia
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
• Kallmann syndrome
• Klippel-Feil syndrome
• Liddle's syndrome
• Long QT syndrome
• Marfan syndrome
• May-Hegglin anomaly
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia
• Noonan syndrome
• Pierre Robin sequence
• Protein C deficiency
• Protein S deficiency
• Loeys-Dietz syndrome
• Muscular dystrophy (Redirects: Becker muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, Myotonic muscular dystrophy)
• Neurofibromatosis
• Mucopolysaccharidosis (Redirects: Hunter syndrome, Hurler syndrome, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, Morquio syndrome, Natowicz syndrome, Sanfilippo syndrome, Scheie syndrome, Sly syndrome)
• Sickle cell disease
• Timothy syndrome
• Treacher Collins syndrome
• VACTERL association
• von Willebrand disease

Head and neck disorders

• Epiglottitis
• Laryngomalacia
• Laryngotracheal stenosis
• Pharyngeal abscess (Redirects: Peritonsillar abscess, Retropharyngeal abscess)
• Pharyngitis (Redirects: Strep throat, Tonsillitis)

Hematologic disorders

• Coagulopathies
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation (Redirects: DIC, Purpura fulminans)
  • Hypercoagulable disorders
    • Antiphospholipid syndrome (Redirects: APLS, APS)
    • Antithrombin III deficiency (Redirects: ATIII deficiency)
    • Essential thrombocythemia
    • Factor V Leiden
    • Protein C deficiency
    • Protein S deficiency
  • Hypocoagulable disorders
    • Evans syndrome
    • Bernard-Soulier syndrome
    • Congenital afibrinogenemia
    • Dysfibrinogenemia
    • Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
    • Gray platelet syndrome
    • Hemophilia (Redirects: Factor IX deficiency, Factor VII deficiency, Factor VIII deficiency, Factor X deficiency, Factor XI deficiency, Factor XII deficiency, Factor XIII deficiency, Haemophilia, Hemophilia A, Hemophilia B, Hemophilia C)
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (Redirects: HIT, HITT)
    • Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome
    • Hypoprothrombinemia
    • Thrombocytopenic purpura (Redirects: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, ITP, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic purpura, TTP, Upshaw–Schulman syndrome)
    • May-Hegglin anomaly
    • von Willebrand disease (Redirects: vWD)

Mediastinal disorders

• Mediastinal mass
• Mediastinitis
• Pneumomediastinum (Redirects: Mediastinal emphysema)

Musculoskeletal disorders

• Congenital musculoskeletal disorders
  • Craniosynostosis
  • Down syndrome
  • Goldenhar syndrome
  • Klippel-Feil syndrome (Redirects: KFS)
  • Pierre Robin sequence (Redirects: PRS)
  • Treacher Collins syndrome (Redirects: TCS)

Neonatal emergencies

• Abdominal wall defects
  • Gastroschisis
  • Omphalocele
• Choanal atresia
• Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
• Esophageal atresia
• Intestinal obstruction
  • Congenital aganglionic megacolon (Redirects: Hirschsprung's disease)
  • Intestinal atresia
  • Intestinal malrotation (Redirects: Volvulus
  • Meconium ileus
• Necrotizing enterocolitis (Redirects: NEC)
• Pyloric stenosis
• Spina bifida
• Tracheoesophageal fistula

Neurologic disorders

• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Redirects: ALS)
• Autonomic dysreflexia
• Chronic pain (comorbidity)
• Dementia
• Dysautonomia
• Essential tremor
• Huntington's disease
• Multiple sclerosis
• Myasthenia gravis
• Parkinson's disease
• Seizures (Redirects: Epilepsy)
• Stroke

Obstetric disorders

• Amniotic fluid embolism (Redirects: AFE)
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Fetal distress
• Gestational hypertension
• Gestational diabetes
• Nuchal cord
• HELLP syndrome
• Obstetrical bleeding
• Placenta accreta spectrum (Redirects: Accreta, Increta, Percreta, Placenta accreta, Placenta increta, Placenta percreta)
• Umbilical cord prolapse
• Uterine rupture
• Vasa previa

Psychiatric disorders

• Generalized Anxiety disorder (Redirects: Anxiety, GAD)
• Major depressive disorder (Redirects: Depression, MDD)
• Substance abuse (Redirects: Drug abuse)

Pulmonary disorders

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (Redirect: ARDS)
• Asthma
• Atelectasis
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Redirects: COPD)
• Cystic fibrosis
• Lung cancer
• Obstructive sleep apnea (Redirects: OSA)
• Pleural effusion
• Pneumonia
• Pneumothorax
• Pulmonary edema
• Pulmonary embolism (Redirects: PE)
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Redirects: Coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2)

Renal disorders

• Acute renal failure
• Bartter syndrome
• Diabetes insipidus
• Chronic kidney disease (Redirects: CKD)
• Fanconi syndrome
• Gitelman syndrome
• Liddle's syndrome
• Uremia

Perioperative management

• Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS)
• Perioperative prevention of chronic pain
• Perioperative visual loss

Preoperative management

• Preoperative patient assessment
• Preoperative medication management
• NPO guidelines

Postoperative management

• Postoperative pain management

Postoperative complications

• Dental injury
• Intraoperative awareness
• Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)
• Residual neuromuscular blockade

Intraoperative emergencies

• Acute coronary syndrome (Redirects: MI, Myocardial infarction, Myocardial ischemia)
• Amniotic fluid embolism (Redirects: AFE)
• Anaphylaxis
• Asystole
• Bradycardia (intraoperative emergency)
• Bronchospasm
• Cardiac arrest
• Delayed emergence
• Difficult airway algorithm
• Fire (intraoperative emergency) (Redirects: Airway fire)
• Hypertension (intraoperative emergency)
• Hypotension (intraoperative emergency)
• Hypoxemia (intraoperative emergency)
• Laryngospasm
• Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (Redirects: LAST)
• Malignant Hyperthermia
• Oxygen failure
• Pneumothorax
• Power failure
• Total spinal anesthesia
• Transfusion reaction
• Pulseless electrical activity (Redirects: PEA arrest)
• Supraventricular tachycardia (intraoperative emergency) (Redirects: SVT (intraoperative emergency))
• Venous air embolism (Redirects: VAE)
• Ventricular fibrillation (Redirects: VF, Vfib)
• Ventricular tachycardia (Redirects: Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Torsades de pointes, VT, Vtach)

Intraoperative monitoring

• Arterial blood pressure (Redirects: ABP)
• Capnography (Redirects: End-tidal CO2, EtCO2)
• Central venous pressure (Redirects: CVP)
• Cerebral oximetry (Redirects: ScO2)
• Core temperature
• Echocardiography
  • Transesophageal echocardiography (Redirects: TEE)
  • Transthoracic echocardiography (Redirects: TTE)
• Electrocardiography (Redirects: 5-lead electrocardiogram, ECG)
• Electroencephalography (Redirects: BIS, Bispectral index, EEG, Entropy monitoring, Patient state index, PSI, SedLine, Spectral edge frequency)
• Intracranial pressure (Redirects: ICP)
• Neuromonitoring
  • Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (Redirects: BAEPs)
  • Motor evoked potentials (Redirects: MEPs)
  • Somatosensory evoked potentials (Redirects: SSEPs)
  • Visual evoked potentials (Redirects: VEPs)
• Pleth variability index (Redirects: PVI)
• Pulse oximetry (Redirects: Plethysmography, SpO2)
• Pulse pressure variation (Redirects: PPV)
• Precordial doppler
• Pulmonary artery pressure (Redirects: PAP)
• Peripheral IV (Redirects: IV, Large bore IV, PIV)
• Urine output (Redirects: UOP)

Neuraxial and regional anesthesia

• Local anesthetics
• Local anesthetic adjuvants
• Local anesthetic toxicity (Redirects: LAST)

Neuraxial anesthesia

• Caudal anesthesia
• Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia (Redirects: CSE)
• Epidural anesthesia (Redirects: Epidural)
  • Lumbar epidural
  • Thoracic epidural
• Post-dural-puncture headache (Redirects: PDPH)
• Spinal anesthesia (Redirects: Spinal)
• Total spinal anesthesia

Regional anesthesia

• Bier block
• Local anesthetics
• Local anesthetic adjuvants

Head and neck nerve blocks

• Blocks for awake tracheal intubation
• Cervical plexus block
• Scalp block

Upper extremity nerve blocks

• Blocks at the elbow
• Brachial plexus blocks
  • Interscalene block
  • Supraclavicular block
  • Infraclavicular block
  • Axillary block
• Digital block
• Wrist block

Thoracic and abdominal wall blocks

• Intercostal nerve block
• Pectoralis nerve block
• Quadratus lumborum block (Redirects: QL block)
• Serratus plane block
• Transversus abdominis plane block (Redirects: TAP block)
• Truncal block (Redirects: Iliohypogastric nerve block, Ilioinguinal nerve block, Rectus sheath block)

Lower extremity nerve blocks

• Ankle block
• Fascia iliaca block
• Femoral nerve block
• Lumbar plexus block
• Obturator nerve block
• Popliteal nerve block
• Saphenous nerve block
• Sciatic nerve block

Pharmacology

• Equianalgesic (Redirects: MME, Morphine milligram equivalent)
• Pharmacodynamics
• Pharmacokinetics
  • Blood-gas partition coefficient
  • Context sensitive half-life
  • Drug metabolism
  • Elimination
  • Ion trapping
  • Redistribution
• Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics
  • Definitions and history
  • Therapeutic class concerns
  • Pediatric considerations
  • Clinical implications and costs
  • Terminology

Drug reference

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

• Edrophonium
• Neostigmine (Redirects: Bloxiverz)
• Physostigmine

Adrenergic receptor modulators

Redirects: Alpha agonists, Alpha antagonists, Beta agonists

• Alpha-1 agonists
  • Ephedrine
  • Epinephrine (Redirects: Adrenaline)
  • Norepinephrine (Redirects: Noradrenaline)
  • Phenylephrine (Redirects: Neosynephrine)
• Alpha-1 antagonists
  • Labetalol
  • Phenoxybenzamine
  • Phentolamine
• Alpha-2 agonists
  • Clonidine (Redirects: Catapres)
  • Dexmedetomidine (Redirects: Precedex)
• Beta agonists
  • Beta-1 selective agonists
    • Dobutamine
  • Ephedrine
  • Epinephrine
  • Isoprenaline (Redirects: Isoproterenol)
  • Norepinephrine
• Beta blockers (Redirects: Beta antagonists)
  • Beta-1 selective antagonists
    • Esmolol (Redirects: Brevibloc)
    • Metoprolol
  • Labetalol

Analgesics

• Acetaminophen (Redirects: Tylenol)
• Analgesic adjuvants
  • Gabapentin (Redirects: Neurontin)
  • Ketamine
  • Lidocaine
  • Pregabalin (Redirects: Lyrica)
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Redirects: NSAIDs)
  • Aspirin (Redirects: Acetylsalicylic acid)
  • Celecoxib (Redirects: Celebrex)
  • Ibuprofen
  • Ketorolac (Redirects: Toradol)
• Opioid analgesics
  • Alfentanil
  • Buprenorphine
  • Codeine
  • Fentanyl
  • Hydrocodone
  • Hydromorphone
  • Methadone
  • Meperidine
  • Morphine
  • Oxycodone
  • Remifentanil
  • Sufentanil

Antibiotics

• Cefazolin (Redirects: Ancef, Kefzol)
• Clindamycin (Redirects: Cleocin)
• Vancomycin

Anticholinergics

• Atropine
• Glycopyrrolate

Antidotes

• Andexanet alfa (Redirects: Andexxa)
• Atropine
• Dantrolene
• Flumazenil
• Glucagon
• Hydroxocobalamin (Redirects: Vitamin B12)
• Idarucizumab (Redirects: Praxbind)
• Methylene blue (Redirects: Methylthioninium chloride)
• Physostigmine
• Naloxone
• Protamine
• Sugammadex (Redirects: Bridion)

Antiemetics

• Aprepitant (Redirects: Fosaprepitant, Emend)
• Dexamethasone
• Granisetron (Redirects: Kytril)
• Haloperidol (Redirects: Haldol)
• Metoclopramide (Redirects: Reglan)
• Ondansetron (Redirects: Zofran)
• Prochlorperazine (Redirects: Compazine)
• Promethazine (Redirects: Phenergan)
• Propofol
• Scopolamine (Redirects: Hyoscine)

Antifibrinolytics

• Tranexamic acid (Redirects: TXA)

Antihistamines

• Diphenhydramine (Redirects: Benadryl)
• Famotidine (Redirects: Pepcid)

Antithrombotics

• Antiplatelet drugs
  • Aspirin
  • Clopidogrel (Redirects: Plavix)
  • Ticagrelor (Redirects: Brilinta)
• Anticoagulants
  • Apixaban (Redirects: Eliquis)
  • Argatroban
  • Dabigatran (Redirects: Pradaxa)
  • Fondaparinux
  • Heparin
  • Low-molecular-weight heparin (Redirects: Enoxaparin, Lovenox, LMWH)
  • Rivaroxaban (Redirects: Xarelto)
  • Warfarin (Redirects: Coumadin)
• Thrombolytics
  • Tissue plasminogen activator (Redirects: Alteplase, tPA)
  • Streptokinase

Anxiolytics

• Diazepam
• Lorazepam
• Midazolam

Benzodiazepines

• Diazepam (Redirects: Valium)
• Flumazenil
• Lorazepam (Redirects: Ativan)
• Midazolam (Redirects: Versed)

Chronotropes

Redirects: Negative chronotropes, Positive chronotropes

• Negative chronotropes
  • Adenosine
  • Beta blockers
    • Esmolol
    • Labetalol
    • Metoprolol
• Positive chronotropes
  • Atropine
  • Dobutamine
  • Dopamine
  • Ephedrine
  • Epinephrine
  • Glycopyrrolate
  • Isoprenaline
  • Milrinone
  • Norepinephrine

• Electrolytes
  • Calcium chloride
  • Calcium gluconate
  • Magnesium sulfate
  • Potassium chloride

Diuretics

• Furosemide
• Mannitol

General anesthetics

• Inhalational anesthestics (Redirects: Volatile anesthetics)
  • Chloroethane (Redirects: Ethyl chloride)
  • Chloroform
  • Cyclopropane
  • Desflurane (Redirects: Suprane)
  • Diethyl ether (Redirects: Ether)
  • Enflurane
  • Halothane (Redirects: Fluothane)
  • Isoflurane (Redirects: Forane)
  • Methoxyflurane
  • Nitrous oxide
  • Sevoflurane (Redirects: Ultane)
  • Xenon
• Intravenous anesthetics
  • Etomidate (Redirects: Amidate)
  • Ketamine (Redirects: Esketamine, Ketalar)
  • Methohexital (Redirects: Brevital)
  • Propofol (Redirects: Diprivan)
  • Thiopental (Redirects: Sodium pentothal)

Imaging dyes

• Fluorescein
• Indocyanine green
• Methylene blue (Redirects: Methylthioninium chloride)

Inodilators

• Dobutamine
• Milrinone (Redirects: Primacor)

Inotropes

Redirects: Negative inotropes, Positive inotropes

• Negative inotropes
  • Beta blockers
• Positive inotropes
  • Calcium chloride
  • Calcium gluconate
  • Dobutamine
  • Dopamine
  • Ephedrine
  • Epinephrine
  • Isoprenaline
  • Milrinone
  • Norepinephrine

Intravenous fluids

• Albumin
• Hetastarch (Redirects: Hydroxyethyl starch)
• Intravenous sugar solution (Redirects: D5, D50, D5W, D5NS, D5LR)
• Normal saline (Redirects: NS)
• Lactated Ringer's (Redirects: LR)
• Normosol
• Plasma-lyte
• Sodium bicarbonate

Local anesthetics

• Benzocaine
• Bupivacaine (Redirects: Marcaine)
• Chloroprocaine (Redirects: Nesacaine)
• Procaine (Redirects: Novocain, Novocaine)
• Lidocaine (Redirects: Xylocaine)
• Mepivacaine (Redirects: Carbocaine)
• Ropivacaine (Redirects: Naropin)
• Tetracaine

Local anesthetic adjuvants

• Clonidine
• Epinephrine
• Fentanyl
• Hydromorphone
• Ketamine
• Midazolam
• Morphine
• Neostigmine
• Sufentanil
• Sodium bicarbonate

Neuromuscular blockers

• Cisatracurium (Redirects: Nimbex)
• Mivacurium
• Rocuronium (Redirects: Zemuron)
• Succinylcholine (Redirects: Anectine)
• Vecuronium

Opioids

• Opioid analgesics
  • Opium alkaloids and derivatives
    • Buprenorphine (Redirects: Subutex)
    • Codeine
    • Hydrocodone (Redirects: Vicodin)
    • Hydromorphone (Redirects: Dilaudid)
    • Morphine
    • Oxycodone (Redirects: Oxycontin, Roxicodone)
  • Synthetic opioids
    • Alfentanil (Redirects: Alfenta)
    • Fentanyl (Redirects: Sublimaze)
    • Methadone
    • Meperidine (Redirects: Demerol, Pethidine)
    • Remifentanil (Redirects: Ultiva)
    • Sufentanil (Redirects: Sufenta)
  • Tramadol (Redirects: Ultram)
• Opioid antagonists
  • Naloxone (Redirects: Narcan)
  • Naltrexone
• Buprenorphine/naltrexone (Redirects: Suboxone)

Sedative hypnotics

• Dexmedetomidine
• Etomidate
• Ketamine
• Methohexital
• Midazolam
• Propofol
• Thiopental

Steroids

• Dexamethasone (Redirects: Decadron)
• Hydrocortisone

Uterotonics

• Carboprost (Redirects: Hemabate)
• Methylergometrine (Redirects: Methergine, Methylergonovine)
• Misoprostol (Redirects: Cytotec)
• Oxytocin (Redirects: Pitocin)

Vasodilators

• Calcium channel blockers
  • Clevidipine (Redirects: Cleviprex)
  • Nicardipine (Redirects: Cardene)
  • Nimodipine (Redirects: Nimotop)
• Nitrovasodilators
  • Nitric oxide (Redirects: NO)
  • Nitroglycerin
  • Nitroprusside (Redirects: Nipride, SNP, Sodium nitroprusside)
• Pulmonary vasodilators
  • Nitric oxide (Redirects: NO)
  • Epoprostenol (Redirects: Flolan, Prostacyclin, Prostaglandin I2)
• Dobutamine
• Fenoldopam (Redirects: Corlopam)
• Hydralazine
• Milrinone
• Sildenafil (Redirects: Revatio, Viagra)

Vasoconstrictors

• Ephedrine
• Epinephrine
• Phenylephrine
• Norepinephrine
• Dopamine
• Vasopressin (Redirects: Vasostrict)

Other drugs

• Octreotide

Transfusion medicine

Blood products

• Packed red blood cells (pRBCs)
• Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
• Platelets
• Cryoprecipitate

Procedures in anesthesia

• Airway procedures
• Neuraxial anesthesia
• Regional anesthesia
• Vascular access procedures
  • Arterial line
  • Central line
    • Central venous catheter (CVC)
    • Introducer sheath (Cordis)
    • Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)
  • Peripheral IV (PIV)
  • Midline Catheter
  • Microintroducer
  • Rapid infusion catheter (RIC)

Subspecialties in anesthesia

• Cardiothoracic anesthesia
• Critical care medicine
• Neuroanesthesia
• Obstetric anesthesia
• Pain medicine
• Pediatric anesthesia
• Pediatric cardiac anesthesia
• Perioperative medicine
• Regional anesthesia and acute pain
• Transplant anesthesia