Difference between revisions of "Abdominoplasty"
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===Regional and neuraxial techniques<!-- Describe any potential regional and/or neuraxial techniques which may be used for this case. If none, this section may be removed. -->=== | ===Regional and neuraxial techniques<!-- Describe any potential regional and/or neuraxial techniques which may be used for this case. If none, this section may be removed. -->=== | ||
* Conscious Sedation + Tumescent Technique <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shestak|first=Kenneth C.|date=2004-05|title=The Outcome of Abdominoplasty Performed under Conscious Sedation: Six-Year Experience in 153 Consecutive Cases|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000118267.35908.01|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=113|issue=6|pages=1818–1819|doi=10.1097/01.prs.0000118267.35908.01|issn=0032-1052}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rosenberg|first=Michael H.|last2=Palaia|first2=David A.|last3=Bonanno|first3=Philip C.|date=2001-05|title=Abdominoplasty With Procedural Sedation and Analgesia|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000637-200105000-00005|journal=Annals of Plastic Surgery|volume=46|issue=5|pages=485–487|doi=10.1097/00000637-200105000-00005|issn=0148-7043}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Bagatin|first=Dinko|date=2019|title=Influence of Local Infiltration Analgesia on Postoperative Pain in Abdominoplasty Patients|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.20471/acc.2019.58.s1.03|journal=Acta Clinica Croatica|doi=10.20471/acc.2019.58.s1.03|issn=0353-9466}}</ref> | |||
** Appears to be safe | |||
** May have a lower risk of DVT compare to general anesthesia | |||
** Tumescent local infiltration anesthesia also helps with post-op pain <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kakagia|first=Despoina D.|last2=Fotiadis|first2=Spartakos|last3=Tripsiannis|first3=Gregory|last4=Tsoutsos|first4=Dimosthenis|date=2007-01-04|title=Postoperative Analgesic Effect of Locally Infiltrated Levobupivacaine in Fleur-de-Lys Abdominoplasty|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00266-006-0187-4|journal=Aesthetic Plastic Surgery|volume=31|issue=2|pages=128–132|doi=10.1007/s00266-006-0187-4|issn=0364-216X}}</ref> | |||
** Increased risk of respiratory depression, usually resolves with simple stimulation | |||
** Increased fentanyl use is associated with longer stay in recovery unit <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pechter|first=Edward A.|date=2000-04|title=The Clinical Outcome of Abdominoplasty Performed Under Conscious Sedation: Increased Use of Fentanyl Correlated with Longer Stay in Outpatient Unit|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200004040-00074|journal=Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery|volume=105|issue=4|pages=1577|doi=10.1097/00006534-200004040-00074|issn=0032-1052}}</ref> | |||
* Neuraxial Techniques | |||
** Useful when the patient has higher risk cardiac complications, respiratory complications, malignant hyperthermia (HM), and rhabdomyolysis from anesthesia <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Leal|first=Plinio da Cunha|last2=Lima|first2=Wildney Leite|last3=Oliveira|first3=Eduardo José Silva Gomes de|last4=Oliveira|first4=Caio Márcio Barros de|last5=Gomes|first5=Lyvia Maria Rodrigues de Sousa|last6=Servin|first6=Elizabeth Teixeira Noguera|last7=Moura|first7=Ed Carlos Rey|date=2021-04|title=Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for abdominoplasty and liposuction in Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy: case report|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2021.02.046|journal=Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition)|doi=10.1016/j.bjane.2021.02.046|issn=0104-0014}}</ref>. | |||
** Spinal, epidural or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia can be used <ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kodeih|first=Mohammad G.|last2=Al-Alami|first2=Achir A.|last3=Atiyeh|first3=Bechara S.|last4=Kanazi|first4=Ghassan E.|date=2009-03|title=Combined Spinal Epidural Anesthesia in an Asthmatic Patient Undergoing Abdominoplasty|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0b013e31819a35c9|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=123|issue=3|pages=118e–120e|doi=10.1097/prs.0b013e31819a35c9|issn=0032-1052}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Metry|first=AymanAnis|last2=Nakhla|first2=GeorgeM|last3=Wahba|first3=WahbaZ|last4=Wahba|first4=RamiM|last5=Kamel|first5=IbrahimH|date=2019|title=Abdominoplasty under spinal anesthesia: A feasibility study|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/aer.aer_69_19|journal=Anesthesia: Essays and Researches|volume=13|issue=2|pages=243|doi=10.4103/aer.aer_69_19|issn=0259-1162}}</ref> | |||
** Safely provide adequate pain control in high risk GA patients | |||
** Decreased needs for post-op opiates | |||
** Patients able to ambulate in shorter amount of time (better DVT prevention) | |||
* Regional techniques | |||
** Decreased time in recovery room, postoperative narcotics, postoperative nausea and vomiting<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gutowski|first=K.A.|date=2011-01|title=Outpatient Abdominoplasty Facilitated by Rib Blocks|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1535-1513(09)79493-7|journal=Yearbook of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery|volume=2011|pages=158–159|doi=10.1016/s1535-1513(09)79493-7|issn=1535-1513}}</ref> | |||
** Quadratus lumborum (QL) block | |||
*** Inconsistent results with regard to sparing of post-op opioids <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Efsun Ozgunay|first=Seyda|last2=caglayan|first2=Umit|last3=Yilmaz|first3=Canan|date=2018-05-16|title=09 / Comparison of ultrasound guided transversus abdominis plane block and quadratus lumborum block for postoperative pain in cesarean section: A prospective, randomized-controlled study.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.26226/morressier.5aeb0ac707b0d6001a79a2a8|access-date=2023-09-11|website=dx.doi.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bjelland|first=Thor W.|last2=Yates|first2=Thomas G.R.|last3=Fagerland|first3=Morten W.|last4=Frøyen|first4=Jan K.|last5=Lysebråten|first5=Karl R.|last6=Spreng|first6=Ulrich J.|date=2019-05-21|title=Quadratus lumborum block for postoperative analgesia after full abdominoplasty: a randomized controlled trial|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2019-0013|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Pain|volume=19|issue=4|pages=671–678|doi=10.1515/sjpain-2019-0013|issn=1877-8879}}</ref> | |||
*** Better pain control <ref name=":3" /> | |||
** Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oppenheimer|first=Adam J.|last2=Fiala|first2=Thomas G.S.|last3=Oppenheimer|first3=Daniel C.|date=2016-11|title=Direct Transversus Abdominis Plane Blocks With Exparel During Abdominoplasty|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000000659|journal=Annals of Plastic Surgery|volume=77|issue=5|pages=499–500|doi=10.1097/sap.0000000000000659|issn=0148-7043}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fiala|first=Thomas|date=2015-01-01|title=Tranversus Abdominis Plane Block During Abdominoplasty to Improve Postoperative Patient Comfort|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sju019|journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal|volume=35|issue=1|pages=72–80|doi=10.1093/asj/sju019|issn=1527-330X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sforza|first=Marcos|last2=Andjelkov|first2=Katarina|last3=Zaccheddu|first3=Renato|last4=Nagi|first4=Hussein|last5=Colic|first5=Miodrag|date=2011-08|title=Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Anesthesia in Abdominoplasties|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0b013e31821e6f51|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=128|issue=2|pages=529–535|doi=10.1097/prs.0b013e31821e6f51|issn=0032-1052}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alotaibi|first=Nawaf Naif|last2=Ahmad|first2=Tawheed|last3=Rabah|first3=Sari Monzer|last4=Hamza|first4=Aljohara Mohmoud|last5=Mohammad Tafazul|first5=Sheikh|date=2021-01-05|title=Evaluation of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in lipoabdominoplasty surgical procedure: a comparative study|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2000656x.2020.1856676|journal=Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery|volume=55|issue=4|pages=216–219|doi=10.1080/2000656x.2020.1856676|issn=2000-656X}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Gravante|first=Gianpiero|last2=Castrì|first2=Francesca|last3=Araco|first3=Francesco|last4=Araco|first4=Antonino|date=2010-06-02|title=A Comparative Study of the Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block Efficacy on Post-bariatric vs Aesthetic Abdominoplasty with Flank Liposuction|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11695-010-0203-2|journal=Obesity Surgery|volume=21|issue=3|pages=278–282|doi=10.1007/s11695-010-0203-2|issn=0960-8923}}</ref> | |||
*** Decreased postoperative opioid use | |||
*** Early ambulation | |||
*** Possibly less effective in post-bariatric surgery patient due to more traumatic operation <ref name=":4" /> | |||
** Erector spinae plane block <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Perez|first=Mauricio E.|last2=Hoyos|first2=Alfredo E.|date=2020-10-08|title=Invited Discussion on: Evaluation of the Effect of Erector Spinae Plane Block in Patients Undergoing Belt Lipectomy Surgery|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00266-020-01944-3|journal=Aesthetic Plastic Surgery|volume=44|issue=6|pages=2143–2146|doi=10.1007/s00266-020-01944-3|issn=0364-216X}}</ref> | |||
*** Decreased postoperative opioid use | |||
*** Early ambulation | |||
** Combined intercostal and pararectus blocks <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feng|first=Lu-Jean|date=2010-11|title=Painless Abdominoplasty: The Efficacy of Combined Intercostal and Pararectus Blocks in Reducing Postoperative Pain and Recovery Time|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0b013e3181ef8fe5|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=126|issue=5|pages=1723–1732|doi=10.1097/prs.0b013e3181ef8fe5|issn=0032-1052}}</ref> | |||
*** Decreased postoperative opioid use | |||
*** Decreased time in recovery room | |||
** Others | |||
*** Limited studies have been completed for paravertebral, rectus sheet, iliohypogastric/ilioinguinal <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rudkin|first=Glenda E.|last2=Gardiner|first2=Sarah E.|last3=Cooter|first3=Rodney D.|date=2008-02|title=Bilateral thoracic paravertebral block for abdominoplasty|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2007.06.020|journal=Journal of Clinical Anesthesia|volume=20|issue=1|pages=54–56|doi=10.1016/j.jclinane.2007.06.020|issn=0952-8180}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seretis|first=Konstantinos|last2=Bounas|first2=Nikolaos|date=2022-12-06|title=The Efficacy of Different Nerve Blocks on Postoperative Pain and Sequelae in Patients Undergoing Abdominoplasty: A Network Meta-Analysis|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjac319|journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal|volume=43|issue=5|pages=NP325–NP336|doi=10.1093/asj/sjac319|issn=1090-820X}}</ref> blocks, can possibly be used/helpful | |||
==Intraoperative management== | ==Intraoperative management== | ||
===Monitoring and access<!-- List and/or describe monitors and access typically needed for this case. Please describe rationale for any special monitors or access. -->=== | ===Monitoring and access<!-- List and/or describe monitors and access typically needed for this case. Please describe rationale for any special monitors or access. -->=== | ||
Standard ASA monitors | |||
* Standard ASA monitors | |||
===Induction and airway management<!-- Describe the important considerations and general approach to the induction of anesthesia and how the airway is typically managed for this case. -->=== | ===Induction and airway management<!-- Describe the important considerations and general approach to the induction of anesthesia and how the airway is typically managed for this case. -->=== | ||
Standard induction | |||
* Standard induction | |||
===Positioning<!-- Describe any unique positioning considerations, including potential intraoperative position changes. If none, this section may be removed. -->=== | ===Positioning<!-- Describe any unique positioning considerations, including potential intraoperative position changes. If none, this section may be removed. -->=== | ||
* Supine | |||
===Maintenance and surgical considerations<!-- Describe the important considerations and general approach to the maintenance of anesthesia, including potential complications. Be sure to include any steps to the surgical procedure that have anesthetic implications. -->=== | ===Maintenance and surgical considerations<!-- Describe the important considerations and general approach to the maintenance of anesthesia, including potential complications. Be sure to include any steps to the surgical procedure that have anesthetic implications. -->=== | ||
Maintain normothermia | * Standard maintenance | ||
* Maintain normothermia | |||
===Emergence<!-- List and/or describe any important considerations related to the emergence from anesthesia for this case. -->=== | ===Emergence<!-- List and/or describe any important considerations related to the emergence from anesthesia for this case. -->=== | ||
PONV prophylaxis | * Smooth emergence to minimize tension on the suture line | ||
* PONV prophylaxis | |||
==Postoperative management== | ==Postoperative management== | ||
| Line 123: | Line 117: | ||
PACU | PACU | ||
* Early ambulation is mandatory | |||
* Drain maintenance | |||
* Rest in flexed position (>30 degrees head of bed elevation) | |||
* Abdominal binder | |||
===Pain management<!-- Describe the expected level of postoperative pain and approaches to pain management for this case. -->=== | ===Pain management<!-- Describe the expected level of postoperative pain and approaches to pain management for this case. -->=== | ||
* IV narcotics with possible regional anesthesia techniques as described above | |||
===Potential major complications <ref name=":0" /><!-- List and/or describe any potential postoperative complications for this case. -->=== | ===Potential major complications <ref name=":0" /><!-- List and/or describe any potential postoperative complications for this case. -->=== | ||
DVT/PE, respiratory compromise, abdominal compartment syndrome, systemic infections | DVT/PE, respiratory compromise, abdominal compartment syndrome, systemic infections | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 15:35, 12 September 2023
Abdominoplasty
| Anesthesia type |
General Anesthesia (most common), Conscious Sedation with Tumescent Technique/Neuraxial Techniques also feasible |
|---|---|
| Airway |
ETT (most common) |
| Lines and access |
PIV |
| Monitors |
Standard |
| Primary anesthetic considerations | |
| Preoperative |
Potential difficult airway, cardiac/pulm conditions, bleeding/clotting |
| Intraoperative |
IV prophylactic antibiotic, thrombosis prophylaxis, hypothermia precaution |
| Postoperative |
DVT/PE, respiratory compromise, abdominal compartment syndrome |
| Article quality | |
| Editor rating | |
| User likes | 0 |
Abdominoplasty is a surgery done to remove excess fat, skin, and repair rectus diastasis to help improve health and appearance. This can occur after a person undergoes massive weight loss. Depending on physical examination findings, several procedures can be done, including mini-abdominoplasty, traditional abdominoplasty, circumferential, high lateral tension, Fleur-de-lis, and reverse abdominoplasty[1].
Overview
Indications
Excess fat, skin, and abdominal wall weakness [1].
Preoperative management
Patient evaluation [1]
| System | Considerations |
|---|---|
| Airway | obesity |
| Cardiovascular/Pulmonary | cardiac conditions, OSA |
| Gastrointestinal | IBS, constipation, previous abdominal surgeries, abdominal scarring |
| Genitourinary | C-sections, desire for future pregnancy, abdominal scarring |
| Hematologic | bleeding/clotting disorders, history of bleeding/clotting |
| Endocrine | T2DM, hormone use |
| Other | smoking status, A1C |
Operating room setup [1]
IV antibiotics 30-59 min before the incision
SCDs (DVT prophylaxis)
Avoid intraoperative hypothermia
Patient preparation and premedication
IV antibiotics 30-59 min before the incision
Regional and neuraxial techniques
- Conscious Sedation + Tumescent Technique [2][3][4]
- Appears to be safe
- May have a lower risk of DVT compare to general anesthesia
- Tumescent local infiltration anesthesia also helps with post-op pain [4][5]
- Increased risk of respiratory depression, usually resolves with simple stimulation
- Increased fentanyl use is associated with longer stay in recovery unit [6]
- Neuraxial Techniques
- Useful when the patient has higher risk cardiac complications, respiratory complications, malignant hyperthermia (HM), and rhabdomyolysis from anesthesia [7].
- Spinal, epidural or combined spinal-epidural anesthesia can be used [7][8][9]
- Safely provide adequate pain control in high risk GA patients
- Decreased needs for post-op opiates
- Patients able to ambulate in shorter amount of time (better DVT prevention)
- Regional techniques
- Decreased time in recovery room, postoperative narcotics, postoperative nausea and vomiting[10]
- Quadratus lumborum (QL) block
- Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block [13][14][15][16][17]
- Decreased postoperative opioid use
- Early ambulation
- Possibly less effective in post-bariatric surgery patient due to more traumatic operation [17]
- Erector spinae plane block [18]
- Decreased postoperative opioid use
- Early ambulation
- Combined intercostal and pararectus blocks [19]
- Decreased postoperative opioid use
- Decreased time in recovery room
- Others
Intraoperative management
Monitoring and access
- Standard ASA monitors
Induction and airway management
- Standard induction
Positioning
- Supine
Maintenance and surgical considerations
- Standard maintenance
- Maintain normothermia
Emergence
- Smooth emergence to minimize tension on the suture line
- PONV prophylaxis
Postoperative management
Disposition [1]
PACU
- Early ambulation is mandatory
- Drain maintenance
- Rest in flexed position (>30 degrees head of bed elevation)
- Abdominal binder
Pain management
- IV narcotics with possible regional anesthesia techniques as described above
Potential major complications [1]
DVT/PE, respiratory compromise, abdominal compartment syndrome, systemic infections
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Janis, Jeffrey E.; Bunch, Brenda; Tomasikiewicz, Amanda; Taylor, Sarah; Gentry, Jennifer; Chambers, Graeme, eds. (2023). Essentials of plastic surgery (Third edition ed.). New York Stuttgart Delhi Rio de Janeiro: Thieme. ISBN 978-1-62623-847-3.
|edition=has extra text (help) - ↑ Shestak, Kenneth C. (2004-05). "The Outcome of Abdominoplasty Performed under Conscious Sedation: Six-Year Experience in 153 Consecutive Cases". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 113 (6): 1818–1819. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000118267.35908.01. ISSN 0032-1052. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Rosenberg, Michael H.; Palaia, David A.; Bonanno, Philip C. (2001-05). "Abdominoplasty With Procedural Sedation and Analgesia". Annals of Plastic Surgery. 46 (5): 485–487. doi:10.1097/00000637-200105000-00005. ISSN 0148-7043. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bagatin, Dinko (2019). "Influence of Local Infiltration Analgesia on Postoperative Pain in Abdominoplasty Patients". Acta Clinica Croatica. doi:10.20471/acc.2019.58.s1.03. ISSN 0353-9466.
- ↑ Kakagia, Despoina D.; Fotiadis, Spartakos; Tripsiannis, Gregory; Tsoutsos, Dimosthenis (2007-01-04). "Postoperative Analgesic Effect of Locally Infiltrated Levobupivacaine in Fleur-de-Lys Abdominoplasty". Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 31 (2): 128–132. doi:10.1007/s00266-006-0187-4. ISSN 0364-216X.
- ↑ Pechter, Edward A. (2000-04). "The Clinical Outcome of Abdominoplasty Performed Under Conscious Sedation: Increased Use of Fentanyl Correlated with Longer Stay in Outpatient Unit". Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 105 (4): 1577. doi:10.1097/00006534-200004040-00074. ISSN 0032-1052. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ 7.0 7.1 Leal, Plinio da Cunha; Lima, Wildney Leite; Oliveira, Eduardo José Silva Gomes de; Oliveira, Caio Márcio Barros de; Gomes, Lyvia Maria Rodrigues de Sousa; Servin, Elizabeth Teixeira Noguera; Moura, Ed Carlos Rey (2021-04). "Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia for abdominoplasty and liposuction in Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy: case report". Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English Edition). doi:10.1016/j.bjane.2021.02.046. ISSN 0104-0014. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Kodeih, Mohammad G.; Al-Alami, Achir A.; Atiyeh, Bechara S.; Kanazi, Ghassan E. (2009-03). "Combined Spinal Epidural Anesthesia in an Asthmatic Patient Undergoing Abdominoplasty". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 123 (3): 118e–120e. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e31819a35c9. ISSN 0032-1052. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Metry, AymanAnis; Nakhla, GeorgeM; Wahba, WahbaZ; Wahba, RamiM; Kamel, IbrahimH (2019). "Abdominoplasty under spinal anesthesia: A feasibility study". Anesthesia: Essays and Researches. 13 (2): 243. doi:10.4103/aer.aer_69_19. ISSN 0259-1162.
- ↑ Gutowski, K.A. (2011-01). "Outpatient Abdominoplasty Facilitated by Rib Blocks". Yearbook of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery. 2011: 158–159. doi:10.1016/s1535-1513(09)79493-7. ISSN 1535-1513. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ 11.0 11.1 Efsun Ozgunay, Seyda; caglayan, Umit; Yilmaz, Canan (2018-05-16). "09 / Comparison of ultrasound guided transversus abdominis plane block and quadratus lumborum block for postoperative pain in cesarean section: A prospective, randomized-controlled study". dx.doi.org. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
- ↑ Bjelland, Thor W.; Yates, Thomas G.R.; Fagerland, Morten W.; Frøyen, Jan K.; Lysebråten, Karl R.; Spreng, Ulrich J. (2019-05-21). "Quadratus lumborum block for postoperative analgesia after full abdominoplasty: a randomized controlled trial". Scandinavian Journal of Pain. 19 (4): 671–678. doi:10.1515/sjpain-2019-0013. ISSN 1877-8879.
- ↑ Oppenheimer, Adam J.; Fiala, Thomas G.S.; Oppenheimer, Daniel C. (2016-11). "Direct Transversus Abdominis Plane Blocks With Exparel During Abdominoplasty". Annals of Plastic Surgery. 77 (5): 499–500. doi:10.1097/sap.0000000000000659. ISSN 0148-7043. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Fiala, Thomas (2015-01-01). "Tranversus Abdominis Plane Block During Abdominoplasty to Improve Postoperative Patient Comfort". Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 35 (1): 72–80. doi:10.1093/asj/sju019. ISSN 1527-330X.
- ↑ Sforza, Marcos; Andjelkov, Katarina; Zaccheddu, Renato; Nagi, Hussein; Colic, Miodrag (2011-08). "Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Anesthesia in Abdominoplasties". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 128 (2): 529–535. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e31821e6f51. ISSN 0032-1052. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Alotaibi, Nawaf Naif; Ahmad, Tawheed; Rabah, Sari Monzer; Hamza, Aljohara Mohmoud; Mohammad Tafazul, Sheikh (2021-01-05). "Evaluation of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in lipoabdominoplasty surgical procedure: a comparative study". Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery. 55 (4): 216–219. doi:10.1080/2000656x.2020.1856676. ISSN 2000-656X.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Gravante, Gianpiero; Castrì, Francesca; Araco, Francesco; Araco, Antonino (2010-06-02). "A Comparative Study of the Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block Efficacy on Post-bariatric vs Aesthetic Abdominoplasty with Flank Liposuction". Obesity Surgery. 21 (3): 278–282. doi:10.1007/s11695-010-0203-2. ISSN 0960-8923.
- ↑ Perez, Mauricio E.; Hoyos, Alfredo E. (2020-10-08). "Invited Discussion on: Evaluation of the Effect of Erector Spinae Plane Block in Patients Undergoing Belt Lipectomy Surgery". Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 44 (6): 2143–2146. doi:10.1007/s00266-020-01944-3. ISSN 0364-216X.
- ↑ Feng, Lu-Jean (2010-11). "Painless Abdominoplasty: The Efficacy of Combined Intercostal and Pararectus Blocks in Reducing Postoperative Pain and Recovery Time". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 126 (5): 1723–1732. doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3181ef8fe5. ISSN 0032-1052. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Rudkin, Glenda E.; Gardiner, Sarah E.; Cooter, Rodney D. (2008-02). "Bilateral thoracic paravertebral block for abdominoplasty". Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 20 (1): 54–56. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2007.06.020. ISSN 0952-8180. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ Seretis, Konstantinos; Bounas, Nikolaos (2022-12-06). "The Efficacy of Different Nerve Blocks on Postoperative Pain and Sequelae in Patients Undergoing Abdominoplasty: A Network Meta-Analysis". Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 43 (5): NP325–NP336. doi:10.1093/asj/sjac319. ISSN 1090-820X.
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