Difference between revisions of "Kidney transplant"

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=== Labs and studies<!-- Describe any important labs or studies. Include reasoning to justify the study and/or interpretation of results in the context of this procedure. If none, this section may be removed. --> ===
=== Labs and studies<!-- Describe any important labs or studies. Include reasoning to justify the study and/or interpretation of results in the context of this procedure. If none, this section may be removed. --> ===
CBC (pay attention to Hb for likely chronic anemia secondary to low erythropoietin production)


BMP (pay attention to K which may be elevated in ESRD)
* CBC (pay attention to Hb for likely chronic anemia secondary to low erythropoietin production)
* BMP (pay attention to K which may be elevated in ESRD)


=== Operating room setup<!-- Describe any unique aspects of operating room preparation. Avoid excessively granular information. Use drug classes instead of specific drugs when appropriate. If none, this section may be removed. --> ===
=== Operating room setup<!-- Describe any unique aspects of operating room preparation. Avoid excessively granular information. Use drug classes instead of specific drugs when appropriate. If none, this section may be removed. --> ===


* Prepare a-line setup
* Prepare arterial line setup
* Have mannitol, furosemide, heparin in room
* Have mannitol, furosemide, heparin in room


=== Patient preparation and premedication<!-- Describe any unique considerations for patient preparation and premedication. If none, this section may be removed. --> ===
=== Patient preparation and premedication<!-- Describe any unique considerations for patient preparation and premedication. If none, this section may be removed. --> ===


* Midazolam, tylenol
* Midazolam, Tylenol


=== Regional and neuraxial techniques<!-- Describe any potential regional and/or neuraxial techniques which may be used for this case. If none, this section may be removed. --> ===
=== Regional and neuraxial techniques<!-- Describe any potential regional and/or neuraxial techniques which may be used for this case. If none, this section may be removed. --> ===
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=== Induction and airway management<!-- Describe the important considerations and general approach to the induction of anesthesia and how the airway is typically managed for this case. --> ===
=== Induction and airway management<!-- Describe the important considerations and general approach to the induction of anesthesia and how the airway is typically managed for this case. --> ===
- If K<5.5, succinylcholine may be used as a paralytic, otherwise, cisatracurium or rocuronium may be used
 
* If K<5.5, succinylcholine may be used as a paralytic, otherwise, cisatracurium or rocuronium may be used


=== Positioning<!-- Describe any unique positioning considerations, including potential intraoperative position changes. If none, this section may be removed. --> ===
=== Positioning<!-- Describe any unique positioning considerations, including potential intraoperative position changes. If none, this section may be removed. --> ===
- Supine


- Avoid pressure on AV fistula which may lead to thrombosis. Must be carefully padded.
* Supine
* Avoid pressure on AV fistula which may lead to thrombosis. Must be carefully padded.


=== Maintenance and surgical considerations<!-- Describe the important considerations and general approach to the maintenance of anesthesia, including potential complications. Be sure to include any steps to the surgical procedure that have anesthetic implications. --> ===
=== Maintenance and surgical considerations<!-- Describe the important considerations and general approach to the maintenance of anesthesia, including potential complications. Be sure to include any steps to the surgical procedure that have anesthetic implications. --> ===

Revision as of 06:40, 1 September 2021

Kidney transplant
Anesthesia type

General

Airway

ETT

Lines and access

PIV x2, arterial line, +/- central line

Monitors

Standard, 5-lead ECG

Primary anesthetic considerations
Preoperative

ESRD patients should have potassium checked preop

Intraoperative

Mannitol, lasix, and heparin should be prepared, intraop immunosuppression should be running before reperfusion, potassium free IVF should be used

Postoperative

Replace UOP with IVF, may have delayed graft function if increased cold storage time

Article quality
Editor rating
Comprehensive
User likes
2

Kidney transplantation provides patients with ESRD an opportunity to continue living without the need for frequent dialysis. Kidney transplants can either be from a deceased donor (aka cadaveric) or from a living donor, at times genetically related to the patient (aka living related), but not always (aka living-unrelated).

Preoperative management

Patient evaluation

System Considerations
Neurologic Peripheral neuropathy may be concurrent with diabetic nephropathy, and may also signal autonomic neuropathy
Cardiovascular CHF is common in undialyzed patients
Respiratory Pleural effusions and pleuritis may occur in this patient population. Increased susceptibility to infection is common in patients with uremia.
Gastrointestinal Gastroparesis may occur in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy
Hematologic Many patients will have chronic anemia as a result of low EPO
Renal Most patients will have ESRD, will need preop potassium check. May need to avoid or decrease dose of renally-metabolized meds
Endocrine If diabetic nephropathy is cause of ESRD, patient is likely to have other complications of severe diabetes
Other

Labs and studies

  • CBC (pay attention to Hb for likely chronic anemia secondary to low erythropoietin production)
  • BMP (pay attention to K which may be elevated in ESRD)

Operating room setup

  • Prepare arterial line setup
  • Have mannitol, furosemide, heparin in room

Patient preparation and premedication

  • Midazolam, Tylenol

Regional and neuraxial techniques

  • Epidural or CSE may be used for postop pain management

Intraoperative management

Monitoring and access

  • After induction of anesthesia, a 3-way foley catheter is placed into the bladder.
  • ± A-line for blood pressure monitoring and frequent lab draws, avoiding the side of the AV fistula

Induction and airway management

  • If K<5.5, succinylcholine may be used as a paralytic, otherwise, cisatracurium or rocuronium may be used

Positioning

  • Supine
  • Avoid pressure on AV fistula which may lead to thrombosis. Must be carefully padded.

Maintenance and surgical considerations

  • Standard maintenance
  • Anticipate prolonged drug effects for renally metabolized/excreted medications
    • Avoid meperidine (which may accumulate as nomeperidine > CNS toxicity)

Emergence

  • Patients are usually extubated in the OR
  • Ensure adequate NMB reversal

Postoperative management

Disposition

  • Usually to PACU
  • Patients with other concurrent transplants (pancreas, liver, etc) may be monitored in the ICU

Pain management

  • PCA
  • Epidural

Potential complications

  • Fistula thrombosis if improperly padded
  • Hemorrhage
  • Delayed urine output, dialysis may be needed until renal function returns
  • Bucking or coughing during emergence may lead to forceful tugging on transplanted kidney and disruption of anastomoses

Procedure variants

Variant 1 Variant 2
Unique considerations
Position
Surgical time
EBL
Postoperative disposition
Pain management
Potential complications

References