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An esophagectomy remains a formidable surgery with high morbidity and mortality.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ng|first=Ju-Mei|date=2008-06|title=Perioperative Anesthetic Management for Esophagectomy|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anclin.2008.01.004|journal=Anesthesiology Clinics|volume=26|issue=2|pages=293–304|doi=10.1016/j.anclin.2008.01.004|issn=1932-2275}}</ref> It is performed for esophageal cancer and non-malignant conditions including hiatal hernias, severe GERD refractory to medical management, esophageal strictures and diverticula, and dysmotility disorders such as achalasia.<ref name=":0" /> Anesthetic management may contribute to the improvement of perioperative outcomes; such factors include prevention of tracheal aspiration, lung protective ventilatory strategies, thoracic epidural analgesia, judicious fluid management to optimize tissue oxygen delivery, and attention to issues that may reduce anastomotic complications.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaeger|first=J. Michael|last2=Collins|first2=Stephen R.|last3=Blank|first3=Randal S.|date=2012-12|title=Anesthetic Management for Esophageal Resection|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anclin.2012.08.005|journal=Anesthesiology Clinics|volume=30|issue=4|pages=731–747|doi=10.1016/j.anclin.2012.08.005|issn=1932-2275}}</ref>
An esophagectomy remains a formidable surgery with high morbidity and mortality.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ng|first=Ju-Mei|date=2008-06|title=Perioperative Anesthetic Management for Esophagectomy|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anclin.2008.01.004|journal=Anesthesiology Clinics|volume=26|issue=2|pages=293–304|doi=10.1016/j.anclin.2008.01.004|issn=1932-2275}}</ref> It is performed for esophageal cancer and non-malignant conditions including hiatal hernias, severe GERD refractory to medical management, esophageal strictures and diverticula, and dysmotility disorders such as achalasia.<ref name=":0" /> Anesthetic management may contribute to the improvement of perioperative outcomes; such factors include prevention of tracheal aspiration, lung protective ventilatory strategies, thoracic epidural analgesia, judicious fluid management to optimize tissue oxygen delivery, and attention to issues that may reduce anastomotic complications.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaeger|first=J. Michael|last2=Collins|first2=Stephen R.|last3=Blank|first3=Randal S.|date=2012-12|title=Anesthetic Management for Esophageal Resection|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anclin.2012.08.005|journal=Anesthesiology Clinics|volume=30|issue=4|pages=731–747|doi=10.1016/j.anclin.2012.08.005|issn=1932-2275}}</ref>


Esophageal cancer incidence has been increasing and is now the eighth most common malignancy worldwide. Despite overall poor prognosis with this malignancy, surgery plays a significant role to increase long-term survival and possible cure. Multiple variations of surgical approaches are described in the literature including Ivor Lewis (IL), McKeown, and transhiatal (TH). While an open approach was used traditionally, surgeons have more recently favored minimally invasive, thoracoscopic, approaches including robotic techniques. Minimally invasive approaches allow for direct visualization within the thoracic cavity to reduce chances of injury during dissection and have reduced the pulmonary complications and hastened the recovery period.  
Esophageal cancer incidence has been increasing and is now the eighth most common malignancy worldwide. Despite overall poor prognosis with this malignancy, surgery plays a significant role to increase long-term survival and possible cure. Multiple variations of surgical approaches are described in the literature including [[Ivor Lewis esophagectomy|Ivor Lewis]] (IL)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=I.|date=1946-07|title=The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus; with special reference to a new operation for growths of the middle third|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20994128|journal=The British Journal of Surgery|volume=34|pages=18–31|doi=10.1002/bjs.18003413304|issn=0007-1323|pmid=20994128}}</ref>, McKeown, and [[Transhiatal esophagectomy|transhiatal]] (TH). While an open approach was used traditionally, surgeons have more recently favored minimally invasive, thoracoscopic, approaches including robotic techniques. Minimally invasive approaches allow for direct visualization within the thoracic cavity to reduce chances of injury during dissection and have reduced the pulmonary complications and hastened the recovery period.  


== Preoperative management ==
== Preoperative management ==

Revision as of 10:42, 2 September 2021

Esophagectomy
Anesthesia type
Airway
Lines and access
Monitors
Primary anesthetic considerations
Preoperative
Intraoperative
Postoperative
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An esophagectomy remains a formidable surgery with high morbidity and mortality.[1] It is performed for esophageal cancer and non-malignant conditions including hiatal hernias, severe GERD refractory to medical management, esophageal strictures and diverticula, and dysmotility disorders such as achalasia.[1] Anesthetic management may contribute to the improvement of perioperative outcomes; such factors include prevention of tracheal aspiration, lung protective ventilatory strategies, thoracic epidural analgesia, judicious fluid management to optimize tissue oxygen delivery, and attention to issues that may reduce anastomotic complications.[2]

Esophageal cancer incidence has been increasing and is now the eighth most common malignancy worldwide. Despite overall poor prognosis with this malignancy, surgery plays a significant role to increase long-term survival and possible cure. Multiple variations of surgical approaches are described in the literature including Ivor Lewis (IL)[3], McKeown, and transhiatal (TH). While an open approach was used traditionally, surgeons have more recently favored minimally invasive, thoracoscopic, approaches including robotic techniques. Minimally invasive approaches allow for direct visualization within the thoracic cavity to reduce chances of injury during dissection and have reduced the pulmonary complications and hastened the recovery period.

Preoperative management

Patient evaluation

System Considerations
Neurologic
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Gastrointestinal
Hematologic
Renal
Endocrine
Other

Labs and studies

Operating room setup

Patient preparation and premedication

Regional and neuraxial techniques

Intraoperative management

Monitoring and access

Induction and airway management

Positioning

Maintenance and surgical considerations

Emergence

Postoperative management

Disposition

Pain management

Potential complications

Procedure variants

Variant 1 Variant 2
Unique considerations
Position
Surgical time
EBL
Postoperative disposition
Pain management
Potential complications

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Ng, Ju-Mei (2008-06). "Perioperative Anesthetic Management for Esophagectomy". Anesthesiology Clinics. 26 (2): 293–304. doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2008.01.004. ISSN 1932-2275. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. Jaeger, J. Michael; Collins, Stephen R.; Blank, Randal S. (2012-12). "Anesthetic Management for Esophageal Resection". Anesthesiology Clinics. 30 (4): 731–747. doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2012.08.005. ISSN 1932-2275. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. Lewis, I. (1946-07). "The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus; with special reference to a new operation for growths of the middle third". The British Journal of Surgery. 34: 18–31. doi:10.1002/bjs.18003413304. ISSN 0007-1323. PMID 20994128. Check date values in: |date= (help)