Esophagectomy - Revision history

Dpavlic1 at 15:06, 4 October 2024

2024-10-04T15:06:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:06, 4 October 2024
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	## Require one-lung ventilation for the thoracic portion of the case (see also [[Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery\|video-assisted thoracic surgery, or VATS]]).		## Require one-lung ventilation for the thoracic portion of the case (see also [[Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery\|video-assisted thoracic surgery, or VATS]]).
	## Two major procedure techniques		## Two major procedure techniques
	###Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Lewis\|first=I.\|date=1946-07\|title=The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus; with special reference to a new operation for growths of the middle third\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20994128\|journal=The British Journal of Surgery\|volume=34\|pages=18–31\|doi=10.1002/bjs.18003413304\|issn=0007-1323\|pmid=20994128}}</ref> involves a traditional open laparotomy and open thoracotomy.		###[[Ivor Lewis esophagectomy\|Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy]]<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Lewis\|first=I.\|date=1946-07\|title=The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus; with special reference to a new operation for growths of the middle third\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20994128\|journal=The British Journal of Surgery\|volume=34\|pages=18–31\|doi=10.1002/bjs.18003413304\|issn=0007-1323\|pmid=20994128}}</ref> involves a traditional open laparotomy and open thoracotomy.
	###~~The~~ McKeown ~~(or three-hole)~~ esophagectomy, adds a third incision in the neck for cervical anastomosis in total esophagectomy. Recent reviews have demonstrated a higher incidence of complications with the McKeown approach.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=van Workum\|first=Frans\|last2=Slaman\|first2=Annelijn E.\|last3=van Berge Henegouwen\|first3=Mark I.\|last4=Gisbertz\|first4=Suzanne S.\|last5=Kouwenhoven\|first5=Ewout A.\|last6=van Det\|first6=Marc J.\|last7=van den Wildenberg\|first7=Frits J. H.\|last8=Polat\|first8=Fatih\|last9=Luyer\|first9=Misha D. P.\|last10=Nieuwenhuijzen\|first10=Grard A. P.\|last11=Rosman\|first11=Camiel\|date=January 1, 2020\|title=Propensity Score–Matched Analysis Comparing Minimally Invasive Ivor Lewis Versus Minimally Invasive Mckeown Esophagectomy\|url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/SLA.0000000000002982\|journal=Annals of Surgery\|language=en\|volume=271\|issue=1\|pages=128–133\|doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000002982\|issn=0003-4932\|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=van Workum\|first=Frans\|last2=Berkelmans\|first2=Gijs H.\|last3=Klarenbeek\|first3=Bastiaan R.\|last4=Nieuwenhuijzen\|first4=Grard A. P.\|last5=Luyer\|first5=Misha D. P.\|last6=Rosman\|first6=Camiel\|date=July 1, 2017\|title=McKeown or Ivor Lewis totally minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: systematic review and meta-analysis\|url=http://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/13601/11835\|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease\|volume=9\|issue=S8\|pages=S826–S833\|doi=10.21037/jtd.2017.03.173\|pmc=PMC5538973\|pmid=28815080\|via=}}</ref>		###[[McKeown esophagectomy]], adds a third incision in the neck for cervical anastomosis in total esophagectomy. Recent reviews have demonstrated a higher incidence of complications with the McKeown approach.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=van Workum\|first=Frans\|last2=Slaman\|first2=Annelijn E.\|last3=van Berge Henegouwen\|first3=Mark I.\|last4=Gisbertz\|first4=Suzanne S.\|last5=Kouwenhoven\|first5=Ewout A.\|last6=van Det\|first6=Marc J.\|last7=van den Wildenberg\|first7=Frits J. H.\|last8=Polat\|first8=Fatih\|last9=Luyer\|first9=Misha D. P.\|last10=Nieuwenhuijzen\|first10=Grard A. P.\|last11=Rosman\|first11=Camiel\|date=January 1, 2020\|title=Propensity Score–Matched Analysis Comparing Minimally Invasive Ivor Lewis Versus Minimally Invasive Mckeown Esophagectomy\|url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/SLA.0000000000002982\|journal=Annals of Surgery\|language=en\|volume=271\|issue=1\|pages=128–133\|doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000002982\|issn=0003-4932\|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=van Workum\|first=Frans\|last2=Berkelmans\|first2=Gijs H.\|last3=Klarenbeek\|first3=Bastiaan R.\|last4=Nieuwenhuijzen\|first4=Grard A. P.\|last5=Luyer\|first5=Misha D. P.\|last6=Rosman\|first6=Camiel\|date=July 1, 2017\|title=McKeown or Ivor Lewis totally minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: systematic review and meta-analysis\|url=http://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/13601/11835\|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease\|volume=9\|issue=S8\|pages=S826–S833\|doi=10.21037/jtd.2017.03.173\|pmc=PMC5538973\|pmid=28815080\|via=}}</ref>
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Oliviamsutton at 16:14, 1 July 2022

2022-07-01T16:14:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:14, 1 July 2022
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	* Consider ketamine bolus (0.5 mg/kg) and gtt (0.2-0.5 mg/kg/hr) for pain management intraop		* Consider ketamine bolus (0.5 mg/kg) and gtt (0.2-0.5 mg/kg/hr) for pain management intraop
			*Surgeons may request glucagon for lower esophageal sphincter relaxation

	====Abdominal Dissection====		====Abdominal Dissection====

Oliviamsutton at 15:22, 1 July 2022

2022-07-01T15:22:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:22, 1 July 2022
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	===Regional and neuraxial techniques<!-- Describe any potential regional and/or neuraxial techniques which may be used for this case. If none, this section may be removed. -->===		===Regional and neuraxial techniques<!-- Describe any potential regional and/or neuraxial techniques which may be used for this case. If none, this section may be removed. -->===
	Thoracic epidural can be used for intraoperative analgesia, but more importantly can be used for postop pain management with PCEA.		Thoracic epidural can be used for intraoperative analgesia, but more importantly can be used for postop pain management with PCEA.

			Remember to tape the thoracic tube opposite the side of the thoracotomy incision--thus it should be usually taped to the left.

	==Intraoperative management==		==Intraoperative management==

Tony.Wang at 18:18, 6 May 2022

2022-05-06T18:18:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:18, 6 May 2022
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	===Maintenance and surgical considerations<!-- Describe the important considerations and general approach to the maintenance of anesthesia, including potential complications. Be sure to include any steps to the surgical procedure that have anesthetic implications. -->===		===Maintenance and surgical considerations<!-- Describe the important considerations and general approach to the maintenance of anesthesia, including potential complications. Be sure to include any steps to the surgical procedure that have anesthetic implications. -->===

			* Consider ketamine bolus (0.5 mg/kg) and gtt (0.2-0.5 mg/kg/hr) for pain management intraop

	====Abdominal Dissection====		====Abdominal Dissection====
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	===Pain management<!-- Describe the expected level of postoperative pain and approaches to pain management for this case. -->===		===Pain management<!-- Describe the expected level of postoperative pain and approaches to pain management for this case. -->===

	*Epidural ~~management~~		*Epidural utilized for patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA)

	===Potential complications<!-- List and/or describe any potential postoperative complications for this case. -->===		===Potential complications<!-- List and/or describe any potential postoperative complications for this case. -->===

Tony.Wang at 18:15, 6 May 2022

2022-05-06T18:15:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:15, 6 May 2022
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	===Operating room setup<!-- Describe any unique aspects of operating room preparation. Avoid excessively granular information. Use drug classes instead of specific drugs when appropriate. If none, this section may be removed. -->===		===Operating room setup<!-- Describe any unique aspects of operating room preparation. Avoid excessively granular information. Use drug classes instead of specific drugs when appropriate. If none, this section may be removed. -->===

	* Double lumen tube with clamp prepared		* Double lumen tube with clamp prepared vs. ETT w/ bronchial blocker vs. ETT (depends on procedure variant)
	* Fiberoptic scope to evaluate ETT positioning		* Fiberoptic scope to evaluate ETT positioning
	* Large gauge NGT +/- bridal as patients remain NPO for >5 days postop		* Large gauge NGT +/- bridal as patients remain NPO for >5 days postop

Tony.Wang: Added OR setup

2022-05-06T18:14:38Z

Added OR setup

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:14, 6 May 2022
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	===Operating room setup<!-- Describe any unique aspects of operating room preparation. Avoid excessively granular information. Use drug classes instead of specific drugs when appropriate. If none, this section may be removed. -->===		===Operating room setup<!-- Describe any unique aspects of operating room preparation. Avoid excessively granular information. Use drug classes instead of specific drugs when appropriate. If none, this section may be removed. -->===

			* Double lumen tube with clamp prepared
			* Fiberoptic scope to evaluate ETT positioning
			* Large gauge NGT +/- bridal as patients remain NPO for >5 days postop
			* Arterial line setup
			* Significant amounts of crystalloid/colloid ready
			* Glucagon 1mg IV (institution and surgeon preference)

	===Patient preparation and premedication<!-- Describe any unique considerations for patient preparation and premedication. If none, this section may be removed. -->===		===Patient preparation and premedication<!-- Describe any unique considerations for patient preparation and premedication. If none, this section may be removed. -->===

	===Regional and neuraxial techniques<!-- Describe any potential regional and/or neuraxial techniques which may be used for this case. If none, this section may be removed. -->===		===Regional and neuraxial techniques<!-- Describe any potential regional and/or neuraxial techniques which may be used for this case. If none, this section may be removed. -->===
			Thoracic epidural can be used for intraoperative analgesia, but more importantly can be used for postop pain management with PCEA.
	*Thoracic epidural

	==Intraoperative management==		==Intraoperative management==
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	*May consider RSI if high-aspiration risk due to esophageal tumor obstructing food passage		*May consider RSI if high-aspiration risk due to esophageal tumor obstructing food passage
	*Left sided [[double lumen tube]] or single lumen ETT with bronchial blocker for one lung ventilation		*Left sided [[double lumen tube]] or single lumen ETT with bronchial blocker for one lung ventilation (R lung down)

	===Positioning<!-- Describe any unique positioning considerations, including potential intraoperative position changes. If none, this section may be removed. -->===		===Positioning<!-- Describe any unique positioning considerations, including potential intraoperative position changes. If none, this section may be removed. -->===

Chris.Rishel at 06:45, 5 April 2022

2022-04-05T06:45:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:45, 4 April 2022
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	\| anesthesia_type = General		\| anesthesia_type = General
	\| airway = If thoracic approach:		\| airway = If thoracic approach:
	* DLT ~~or SLT~~ w/Bronchial blocker		* DLT
			* ETT w/Bronchial blocker
	If transhiatal:		If transhiatal:
	* ETT		* ETT
	\| lines_access = Large bore PIV		\| lines_access = Large bore PIV
	NGT		NGT
	~~Arterial~~ Line		Art Line
	\| monitors = Standard monitors		\| monitors = Standard monitors
	~~Invasive hemdynamic~~		ABP
	~~+/-~~ Flowtrac		± Flowtrac
	\| considerations_preoperative =		\| considerations_preoperative =
	\| considerations_intraoperative = One-lung ventilation (if thoracic approach)		\| considerations_intraoperative = One-lung ventilation (if thoracic approach)

Chris.Rishel: Text replacement - "|Respiratory" to "|Pulmonary"

2022-02-22T05:46:28Z

Text replacement - "|Respiratory" to "|Pulmonary"

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:46, 21 February 2022
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	\|Oxygen consumption increases 50% in the immediate post-op period. Patients need to be able to increase cardiac output and oxygen delivery after surgery.		\|Oxygen consumption increases 50% in the immediate post-op period. Patients need to be able to increase cardiac output and oxygen delivery after surgery.
	\|-		\|-
	\|~~Respiratory~~		\|Pulmonary
	\|Evaluate smoking history and underlying pulmonary dysfunction		\|Evaluate smoking history and underlying pulmonary dysfunction
	\|-		\|-

Chris.Rishel: Reorganized details about procedure variants into separate section. Other minor rewording/organization.

2021-11-16T05:15:30Z

Reorganized details about procedure variants into separate section. Other minor rewording/organization.

Show changes

Karen.Sibert at 20:30, 15 November 2021

2021-11-15T20:30:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:30, 15 November 2021
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	}}		}}

	An esophagectomy remains a formidable surgery with high morbidity and mortality.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|last=Ng\|first=Ju-Mei\|date=June 1, 2008\|title=Perioperative Anesthetic Management for Esophagectomy\|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anclin.2008.01.004\|journal=Anesthesiology Clinics\|volume=26\|issue=2\|pages=293–304\|doi=10.1016/j.anclin.2008.01.004\|issn=1932-2275\|via=}}</ref> It is performed for esophageal cancer<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Napier\|first=Kyle J\|date=2014\|title=Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities\|url=http://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v6/i5/112.htm\|journal=World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology\|language=en\|volume=6\|issue=5\|pages=112\|doi=10.4251/wjgo.v6.i5.112\|issn=1948-5204\|pmc=PMC4021327\|pmid=24834141}}</ref> and non-malignant conditions including hiatal hernias, severe GERD refractory to medical management, esophageal strictures and diverticula, and dysmotility disorders such as achalasia. Anesthetic management may contribute to the improvement of perioperative outcomes. Goals include prevention of tracheal aspiration, lung protective ventilatory strategies, multimodal pain management which may include epidural analgesia, fluid management to optimize tissue oxygen delivery, and ~~attention~~ to ~~issues that may reduce anastomotic complications~~.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Jaeger\|first=J. Michael\|last2=Collins\|first2=Stephen R.\|last3=Blank\|first3=Randal S.\|date=December 1, 2012\|title=Anesthetic Management for Esophageal Resection\|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anclin.2012.08.005\|journal=Anesthesiology Clinics\|volume=30\|issue=4\|pages=731–747\|doi=10.1016/j.anclin.2012.08.005\|issn=1932-2275\|via=}}</ref>		An esophagectomy remains a formidable surgery with high morbidity and mortality.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|last=Ng\|first=Ju-Mei\|date=June 1, 2008\|title=Perioperative Anesthetic Management for Esophagectomy\|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anclin.2008.01.004\|journal=Anesthesiology Clinics\|volume=26\|issue=2\|pages=293–304\|doi=10.1016/j.anclin.2008.01.004\|issn=1932-2275\|via=}}</ref> It is performed for esophageal cancer<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Napier\|first=Kyle J\|date=2014\|title=Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities\|url=http://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v6/i5/112.htm\|journal=World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology\|language=en\|volume=6\|issue=5\|pages=112\|doi=10.4251/wjgo.v6.i5.112\|issn=1948-5204\|pmc=PMC4021327\|pmid=24834141}}</ref> and non-malignant conditions including hiatal hernias, severe GERD refractory to medical management, esophageal strictures and diverticula, and dysmotility disorders such as achalasia. Anesthetic management may contribute to the improvement of perioperative outcomes. Goals include prevention of tracheal aspiration, lung protective ventilatory strategies, multimodal pain management which may include epidural analgesia, fluid management to optimize tissue oxygen delivery, and ensuring good perfusion to areas of anastomosis.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Jaeger\|first=J. Michael\|last2=Collins\|first2=Stephen R.\|last3=Blank\|first3=Randal S.\|date=December 1, 2012\|title=Anesthetic Management for Esophageal Resection\|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anclin.2012.08.005\|journal=Anesthesiology Clinics\|volume=30\|issue=4\|pages=731–747\|doi=10.1016/j.anclin.2012.08.005\|issn=1932-2275\|via=}}</ref>

	Esophageal cancer incidence has been increasing and is now the eighth most common malignancy worldwide. Despite overall poor prognosis with this malignancy, surgery plays a significant role to increase long-term survival and possible cure. As opposed to traditional open surgery, surgeons have more recently favored minimally invasive thoracoscopic and laparoscopic approaches including robotic-assisted techniques. Minimally invasive approaches allow for optimal visualization within the thoracic cavity to reduce chances of injury during dissection, have reduced pulmonary complications, and shortened the time to recovery.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Mariette\|first=Christophe\|last2=Markar\|first2=Sheraz R.\|last3=Dabakuyo-Yonli\|first3=Tienhan S.\|last4=Meunier\|first4=Bernard\|last5=Pezet\|first5=Denis\|last6=Collet\|first6=Denis\|last7=D'Journo\|first7=Xavier B.\|last8=Brigand\|first8=Cécile\|last9=Perniceni\|first9=Thierry\|last10=Carrère\|first10=Nicolas\|last11=Mabrut\|first11=Jean-Yves\|date=2019-01-10\|title=Hybrid Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30625052\|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine\|volume=380\|issue=2\|pages=152–162\|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1805101\|issn=1533-4406\|pmid=30625052}}</ref>		Esophageal cancer incidence has been increasing and is now the eighth most common malignancy worldwide. Despite overall poor prognosis with this malignancy, surgery plays a significant role to increase long-term survival and possible cure. As opposed to traditional open surgery, surgeons have more recently favored minimally invasive thoracoscopic and laparoscopic approaches including robotic-assisted techniques. Minimally invasive approaches allow for optimal visualization within the thoracic cavity to reduce chances of injury during dissection, have reduced pulmonary complications, and shortened the time to recovery.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Mariette\|first=Christophe\|last2=Markar\|first2=Sheraz R.\|last3=Dabakuyo-Yonli\|first3=Tienhan S.\|last4=Meunier\|first4=Bernard\|last5=Pezet\|first5=Denis\|last6=Collet\|first6=Denis\|last7=D'Journo\|first7=Xavier B.\|last8=Brigand\|first8=Cécile\|last9=Perniceni\|first9=Thierry\|last10=Carrère\|first10=Nicolas\|last11=Mabrut\|first11=Jean-Yves\|date=2019-01-10\|title=Hybrid Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30625052\|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine\|volume=380\|issue=2\|pages=152–162\|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1805101\|issn=1533-4406\|pmid=30625052}}</ref>
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	# Transhiatal, chiefly used for tumors in the lower esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the GE junction. This approach does not require one-lung ventilation, as resection is done entirely through the abdomen.		# Transhiatal, chiefly used for tumors in the lower esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the GE junction. This approach does not require one-lung ventilation, as resection is done entirely through the abdomen.
	# Combined abdominal/thoracic resection, used for complete esophagectomy and tumors high enough in the esophagus that a thoracic approach is necessary. These operations require one-lung ventilation for the thoracic portion of the case (see also [[Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery\|video-assisted thoracic surgery, or VATS]]).		# Combined abdominal/thoracic resection, used for complete esophagectomy and tumors high enough in the esophagus that a thoracic approach is necessary. These operations require one-lung ventilation for the thoracic portion of the case (see also [[Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery\|video-assisted thoracic surgery, or VATS]]).
	Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Lewis\|first=I.\|date=1946-07\|title=The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus; with special reference to a new operation for growths of the middle third\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20994128\|journal=The British Journal of Surgery\|volume=34\|pages=18–31\|doi=10.1002/bjs.18003413304\|issn=0007-1323\|pmid=20994128}}</ref> involves a traditional open laparotomy and open thoracotomy. The McKeown, or three-hole esophagectomy, adds an incision in the neck for cervical anastomosis in total esophagectomy. Both types of procedures may now be done by minimally invasive techniques, with laparoscopy for the abdominal portion and R VATS for the esophageal dissection. Recent reviews have demonstrated a higher incidence of complications with the McKeown approach.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=van Workum\|first=Frans\|last2=Slaman\|first2=Annelijn E.\|last3=van Berge Henegouwen\|first3=Mark I.\|last4=Gisbertz\|first4=Suzanne S.\|last5=Kouwenhoven\|first5=Ewout A.\|last6=van Det\|first6=Marc J.\|last7=van den Wildenberg\|first7=Frits J. H.\|last8=Polat\|first8=Fatih\|last9=Luyer\|first9=Misha D. P.\|last10=Nieuwenhuijzen\|first10=Grard A. P.\|last11=Rosman\|first11=Camiel\|date=January 1, 2020\|title=Propensity Score–Matched Analysis Comparing Minimally Invasive Ivor Lewis Versus Minimally Invasive Mckeown Esophagectomy\|url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/SLA.0000000000002982\|journal=Annals of Surgery\|language=en\|volume=271\|issue=1\|pages=128–133\|doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000002982\|issn=0003-4932\|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=van Workum\|first=Frans\|last2=Berkelmans\|first2=Gijs H.\|last3=Klarenbeek\|first3=Bastiaan R.\|last4=Nieuwenhuijzen\|first4=Grard A. P.\|last5=Luyer\|first5=Misha D. P.\|last6=Rosman\|first6=Camiel\|date=July 1, 2017\|title=McKeown or Ivor Lewis totally minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: systematic review and meta-analysis\|url=http://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/13601/11835\|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease\|volume=9\|issue=S8\|pages=S826–S833\|doi=10.21037/jtd.2017.03.173\|pmc=PMC5538973\|pmid=28815080\|via=}}</ref>		Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Lewis\|first=I.\|date=1946-07\|title=The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the oesophagus; with special reference to a new operation for growths of the middle third\|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20994128\|journal=The British Journal of Surgery\|volume=34\|pages=18–31\|doi=10.1002/bjs.18003413304\|issn=0007-1323\|pmid=20994128}}</ref> involves a traditional open laparotomy and open thoracotomy. The McKeown, or three-hole esophagectomy, adds a third incision in the neck for cervical anastomosis in total esophagectomy. Both types of procedures may now be done by minimally invasive techniques, with laparoscopy for the abdominal portion and R VATS for the esophageal dissection. Recent reviews have demonstrated a higher incidence of complications with the McKeown approach.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=van Workum\|first=Frans\|last2=Slaman\|first2=Annelijn E.\|last3=van Berge Henegouwen\|first3=Mark I.\|last4=Gisbertz\|first4=Suzanne S.\|last5=Kouwenhoven\|first5=Ewout A.\|last6=van Det\|first6=Marc J.\|last7=van den Wildenberg\|first7=Frits J. H.\|last8=Polat\|first8=Fatih\|last9=Luyer\|first9=Misha D. P.\|last10=Nieuwenhuijzen\|first10=Grard A. P.\|last11=Rosman\|first11=Camiel\|date=January 1, 2020\|title=Propensity Score–Matched Analysis Comparing Minimally Invasive Ivor Lewis Versus Minimally Invasive Mckeown Esophagectomy\|url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/SLA.0000000000002982\|journal=Annals of Surgery\|language=en\|volume=271\|issue=1\|pages=128–133\|doi=10.1097/SLA.0000000000002982\|issn=0003-4932\|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=van Workum\|first=Frans\|last2=Berkelmans\|first2=Gijs H.\|last3=Klarenbeek\|first3=Bastiaan R.\|last4=Nieuwenhuijzen\|first4=Grard A. P.\|last5=Luyer\|first5=Misha D. P.\|last6=Rosman\|first6=Camiel\|date=July 1, 2017\|title=McKeown or Ivor Lewis totally minimally invasive esophagectomy for cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: systematic review and meta-analysis\|url=http://jtd.amegroups.com/article/view/13601/11835\|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease\|volume=9\|issue=S8\|pages=S826–S833\|doi=10.21037/jtd.2017.03.173\|pmc=PMC5538973\|pmid=28815080\|via=}}</ref>

	== Preoperative management ==		== Preoperative management ==