Electroencephalography - Revision history

Mitchel.DeVita at 05:53, 16 February 2022

2022-02-16T05:53:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:53, 15 February 2022
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	This BIS consists of 4 electrodes across the forehead to measure and processes electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. This raw EEG signal is processed though an algorithm resulting in a BIS value between 0-100, with 100 representing an awake state and 0 representing no brain activity. Generally, values between 40-60 represent an appropriate depth of general anesthesia.		This BIS consists of 4 electrodes across the forehead to measure and processes electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. This raw EEG signal is processed though an algorithm resulting in a BIS value between 0-100, with 100 representing an awake state and 0 representing no brain activity. Generally, values between 40-60 represent an appropriate depth of general anesthesia.

			The BIS monitor will display the BIS value derived from a proprietary algorithm, a EEG waveform, a signal quality index (SQI), and an electromyography (EMG) signal. SQI is proportional to signal reliability (limitations discussed below). EMG signal represents movement tone or muscle stimulation. Increased EMG signal tends to produce a higher BIS value.

	==== Limitations ====		==== Limitations ====
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	====== Drug induced ======		====== Drug induced ======
	Each anesthetic drug will cause specific and reproducible changes in EEG pattern. Propofol and volatile anesthetics ~~genrally~~ fit the pattern of, a lower BIS value ~~coorolates~~ with less brain activity. However, certain drugs like ketamine and Nitrous Oxide actually produce anesthesia despite ~~high~~ BIS values.		Each anesthetic drug will cause specific and reproducible changes in EEG pattern. Propofol and volatile anesthetics generally fit the pattern of a lower BIS value correlating with less brain activity. However, certain drugs like ketamine and Nitrous Oxide actually produce general anesthesia despite higher BIS values.

	====== Patient Pathology ======		====== Patient Pathology ======
	Neurologic pathology can represent abnormal cortical brain function. This is especially important if impairment is located in the frontal lobes, where the BIS records EEG data. This can result if variable BIS values, generally tending to result in a falsely low number. Nevertheless, certain pathology could result in increased values such as status epilepticus. One case report describes a BIS value of 90 in ~~unconscious~~ patient.		Paralysis, or globally decreased muscle tone, results in no EMG signal. This is often interpreted by the BIS algorithm as lower BIS value. Paralysis without amnesia is an important source of anesthesia awareness and may not reliably be detected by the BIS.

			Neurologic pathology can represent abnormal cortical brain function. This is especially important if impairment is located in the frontal lobes, where the BIS records EEG data. This can result in variable BIS values, generally tending to result in a falsely low number. Nevertheless, certain pathology could result in increased values such as status epilepticus. One case report describes a BIS value of 90 in a patient with status epilepticus despite being unresponsive.

	Superficial pathology, such as infection or pathology on the skin, may ~~limited~~ the quality of data received by the BIS monitor and therefore will result in unreliable BIS values.		Superficial pathology, such as infection or pathology on the skin, may limit the quality of data received by the BIS monitor and therefore will result in unreliable BIS values.

	Patient body temperature can also change the BIS value, approximately decreased by 1 point per 1C		Patient body temperature can also change the BIS value, approximately decreased by 1 point per 1C

	====== Electrical signal interference ======		====== Electrical signal interference ======
	Electrocautery or other electromagnetic waves such as a pacemaker could influence BIS values. One such case report describes an external pacemaker following cardiac bypass giving falsely high BIS number. Another report describes an aortic balloon pump producing artifact resulting in a BIS value of 80 despite an otherwise deeply anesthetized patient.		Electrocautery or other electromagnetic waves such as a pacemaker could influence BIS values. One such case report describes an external pacemaker following cardiac bypass giving a falsely high BIS number. Another report describes an aortic balloon pump producing artifact resulting in a BIS value of 80 despite an otherwise deeply anesthetized patient.

	<ref>Mathur S, Patel J, Goldstein S, et al. Bispectral Index. [Updated 2021 Sep 21]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539809/</nowiki></ref><ref>Vretzakis, G., Dragoumanis, C., Ferdi, H., & Papagiannopoulou, P. (2005). Influence of an external pacemaker on bispectral index. ''European Journal of Anaesthesiology,'' ''22''(1), 70-72. doi:10.1017/S0265021505230144</ref><ref>		<ref>Mathur S, Patel J, Goldstein S, et al. Bispectral Index. [Updated 2021 Sep 21]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539809/</nowiki></ref><ref>Vretzakis, G., Dragoumanis, C., Ferdi, H., & Papagiannopoulou, P. (2005). Influence of an external pacemaker on bispectral index. ''European Journal of Anaesthesiology,'' ''22''(1), 70-72. doi:10.1017/S0265021505230144</ref><ref>
	Hajat, Z., Ahmad, N. and Andrzejowski, J. (2017), The role and limitations of EEG-based depth of anaesthesia monitoring in theatres and intensive care. Anaesthesia, 72: 38-47. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.13739</nowiki></ref>		Hajat, Z., Ahmad, N. and Andrzejowski, J. (2017), The role and limitations of EEG-based depth of anaesthesia monitoring in theatres and intensive care. Anaesthesia, 72: 38-47. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.13739</nowiki></ref>

Chris.Rishel: Chris.Rishel moved page BIS to Electroencephalography: Renaming title to the generic term. Will leave brand name as redirect

2022-02-10T21:34:33Z

Chris.Rishel moved page BIS to Electroencephalography: Renaming title to the generic term. Will leave brand name as redirect

← Older revision

Revision as of 14:34, 10 February 2022

Mitchel.DeVita at 15:09, 10 February 2022

2022-02-10T15:09:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:09, 10 February 2022
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	== Bispectral Index (BIS) ==		== Bispectral Index (BIS) ==
	Intraop monitoring of anesthetic depth remains challenging yet critically important to a patients overall intra-operative course. ~~Volatile~~ anesthetics provide a MAC value that can guide depth of anesthesia ~~and help prevent awareness~~. Minimal anesthetic agent runs the risk of intraoperative movement or awareness and recall. Anesthetic overdose exposes the patient to excessive hemodynamic changes. Therefore, a balanced and titrated anesthetic is critical. One tool to assist the anesthesiologist is the Bispectral Index (BIS)		Intraop monitoring of anesthetic depth remains challenging yet critically important to a patients overall intra-operative course. While volatile anesthetics provide a MAC value that can guide depth of anesthesia, TIVA techniques do not have a similar method to determining adequacy of anesthesia. Minimal anesthetic agent runs the risk of intraoperative movement or awareness and recall. Anesthetic overdose exposes the patient to excessive hemodynamic changes. Therefore, a balanced and titrated anesthetic is critical. One tool to assist the anesthesiologist is the Bispectral Index (BIS)

	This BIS consists of 4 electrodes across the forehead to measure and processes electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. This raw EEG signal is processed though an algorithm resulting in a BIS value between 0-100, with 100 representing an awake state and 0 representing no brain activity. Generally, values between 40-60 represent an appropriate depth of general anesthesia.		This BIS consists of 4 electrodes across the forehead to measure and processes electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. This raw EEG signal is processed though an algorithm resulting in a BIS value between 0-100, with 100 representing an awake state and 0 representing no brain activity. Generally, values between 40-60 represent an appropriate depth of general anesthesia.

Mitchel.DeVita at 15:07, 10 February 2022

2022-02-10T15:07:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:07, 10 February 2022
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	== Bispectral Index (BIS) ==		== Bispectral Index (BIS) ==
	Intraop monitoring of depth ~~of anesthesia~~ remains challenging yet critically important to a patients overall intra-operative course. Volatile anesthetics provide a MAC value that can guide depth of anesthesia and help prevent awareness. Minimal anesthetic agent runs the risk of intraoperative movement or awareness and recall. Anesthetic overdose exposes the patient to excessive hemodynamic changes. Therefore, a balanced and titrated anesthetic is critical. One tool to assist the anesthesiologist is the Bispectral Index (BIS)		Intraop monitoring of anesthetic depth remains challenging yet critically important to a patients overall intra-operative course. Volatile anesthetics provide a MAC value that can guide depth of anesthesia and help prevent awareness. Minimal anesthetic agent runs the risk of intraoperative movement or awareness and recall. Anesthetic overdose exposes the patient to excessive hemodynamic changes. Therefore, a balanced and titrated anesthetic is critical. One tool to assist the anesthesiologist is the Bispectral Index (BIS)

	This BIS consists of 4 electrodes across the forehead to measure and processes electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. This raw EEG signal is processed though an algorithm resulting in a BIS value between 0-100, with 100 representing an awake state and 0 representing no brain activity. Generally, values between 40-60 represent an appropriate depth of general anesthesia.		This BIS consists of 4 electrodes across the forehead to measure and processes electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. This raw EEG signal is processed though an algorithm resulting in a BIS value between 0-100, with 100 representing an awake state and 0 representing no brain activity. Generally, values between 40-60 represent an appropriate depth of general anesthesia.
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	<ref>Mathur S, Patel J, Goldstein S, et al. Bispectral Index. [Updated 2021 Sep 21]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539809/</nowiki></ref><ref>Vretzakis, G., Dragoumanis, C., Ferdi, H., & Papagiannopoulou, P. (2005). Influence of an external pacemaker on bispectral index. ''European Journal of Anaesthesiology,'' ''22''(1), 70-72. doi:10.1017/S0265021505230144</ref><ref>		<ref>Mathur S, Patel J, Goldstein S, et al. Bispectral Index. [Updated 2021 Sep 21]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539809/</nowiki></ref><ref>Vretzakis, G., Dragoumanis, C., Ferdi, H., & Papagiannopoulou, P. (2005). Influence of an external pacemaker on bispectral index. ''European Journal of Anaesthesiology,'' ''22''(1), 70-72. doi:10.1017/S0265021505230144</ref><ref>

	Hajat, Z., Ahmad, N. and Andrzejowski, J. (2017), The role and limitations of EEG-based depth of anaesthesia monitoring in theatres and intensive care. Anaesthesia, 72: 38-47. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.13739</nowiki></ref>		Hajat, Z., Ahmad, N. and Andrzejowski, J. (2017), The role and limitations of EEG-based depth of anaesthesia monitoring in theatres and intensive care. Anaesthesia, 72: 38-47. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.13739</nowiki></ref>

Mitchel.DeVita at 20:02, 9 February 2022

2022-02-09T20:02:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:02, 9 February 2022
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	====== Electrical signal interference ======		====== Electrical signal interference ======
	Electrocautery or other electromagnetic waves such as a pacemaker could influence BIS values. One such case report describes an external pacemaker following cardiac bypass giving falsely high BIS number. Another report describes an aortic balloon pump producing artifact resulting in a BIS value of 80 despite an otherwise deeply anesthetized patient.		Electrocautery or other electromagnetic waves such as a pacemaker could influence BIS values. One such case report describes an external pacemaker following cardiac bypass giving falsely high BIS number. Another report describes an aortic balloon pump producing artifact resulting in a BIS value of 80 despite an otherwise deeply anesthetized patient.

			<ref>Mathur S, Patel J, Goldstein S, et al. Bispectral Index. [Updated 2021 Sep 21]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539809/</nowiki></ref><ref>Vretzakis, G., Dragoumanis, C., Ferdi, H., & Papagiannopoulou, P. (2005). Influence of an external pacemaker on bispectral index. ''European Journal of Anaesthesiology,'' ''22''(1), 70-72. doi:10.1017/S0265021505230144</ref><ref>

			Hajat, Z., Ahmad, N. and Andrzejowski, J. (2017), The role and limitations of EEG-based depth of anaesthesia monitoring in theatres and intensive care. Anaesthesia, 72: 38-47. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.13739</nowiki></ref>

Mitchel.DeVita: started and filled out page

2022-02-09T20:00:31Z

started and filled out page

New page

== Bispectral Index (BIS) ==
Intraop monitoring of depth of anesthesia remains challenging yet critically important to a patients overall intra-operative course. Volatile anesthetics provide a MAC value that can guide depth of anesthesia and help prevent awareness. Minimal anesthetic agent runs the risk of intraoperative movement or awareness and recall. Anesthetic overdose exposes the patient to excessive hemodynamic changes. Therefore, a balanced and titrated anesthetic is critical. One tool to assist the anesthesiologist is the Bispectral Index (BIS)

This BIS consists of 4 electrodes across the forehead to measure and processes electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. This raw EEG signal is processed though an algorithm resulting in a BIS value between 0-100, with 100 representing an awake state and 0 representing no brain activity. Generally, values between 40-60 represent an appropriate depth of general anesthesia.

==== Limitations ====
Like all technological tools utilized in anesthesia, an understanding of the devices function helps to guide the user to a devices specific limitations, inaccuracies, and failure points.

BIS failure modes can be generally categorized into drug induced, patient pathology, or electromagnetic interference.

====== Drug induced ======
Each anesthetic drug will cause specific and reproducible changes in EEG pattern. Propofol and volatile anesthetics genrally fit the pattern of, a lower BIS value coorolates with less brain activity. However, certain drugs like ketamine and Nitrous Oxide actually produce anesthesia despite high BIS values.

====== Patient Pathology ======
Neurologic pathology can represent abnormal cortical brain function. This is especially important if impairment is located in the frontal lobes, where the BIS records EEG data. This can result if variable BIS values, generally tending to result in a falsely low number. Nevertheless, certain pathology could result in increased values such as status epilepticus. One case report describes a BIS value of 90 in unconscious patient.

Superficial pathology, such as infection or pathology on the skin, may limited the quality of data received by the BIS monitor and therefore will result in unreliable BIS values.

Patient body temperature can also change the BIS value, approximately decreased by 1 point per 1C

====== Electrical signal interference ======
Electrocautery or other electromagnetic waves such as a pacemaker could influence BIS values. One such case report describes an external pacemaker following cardiac bypass giving falsely high BIS number. Another report describes an aortic balloon pump producing artifact resulting in a BIS value of 80 despite an otherwise deeply anesthetized patient.