https://wikianesthesia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Richardpboyd 2026-04-10T19:42:28Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.37.1 https://wikianesthesia.org/w/index.php?title=Table_of_contents&diff=14385 2022-11-30T15:51:44Z

<p>Richardpboyd: linked corresponding articles to table of contents</p> <hr /> <div>The '''table of contents''' is a non-comprehensive list of articles the editors of WikiAnesthesia feel should exist and will continuously evolve as the site grows from contributions from the anesthesia community.<br /> <br /> Links which are '''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#337AB7&quot;&gt;blue&lt;/span&gt;''' already exist on the wiki (but would surely benefit from additions and revisions). Links which are '''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#9B1B2F&quot;&gt;red&lt;/span&gt;''' do not currently exist as articles on the site. Articles may exist in more than one location in the table of contents.<br /> <br /> Please see our '''[[WikiAnesthesia:Author guide|author guide]]''' for instructions on how to start editing content on the site.<br /> <br /> If you add a new article which is not currently listed but has a natural place in the table of contents, please edit this list to include it. We kindly ask that you do not make major changes to the table of contents before running it by an [{{fullurl:Special:ListUsers|group=editor}} editor] first.<br /> =[[:Category:Surgical procedures|Surgical procedures]]=<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Cardiac surgery|Cardiac surgery]]==<br /> *[[Aortic procedures]]<br /> **[[Aortic aneurysm repair|Aortic aneurysm repair (AAA)]]<br /> **[[Aortoplasty for supravalvular stenosis]]<br /> **[[Repair of aortic aneurysm with graft]]<br /> *[[Circulatory assist procedures]]<br /> **[[Cardiopulmonary bypass|Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)]]<br /> **[[Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)]]<br /> **[[Insertion of ventricular assist device]] (Redirects: [[LVAD]], [[RVAD]], [[BiVAD]])<br /> **[[Insertion of permanently implantable aortic counterpulsation ventricular assist device|Insertion of permanently implantable aortic counterpulsation ventricular assist device (VAD)]]<br /> **[[Insertion of percutaneous ventricular assist device|Insertion of percutaneous ventricular assist device (pVAD)]]<br /> **[[Implantation of total replacement heart system]]<br /> *[[Electrophysiology procedures]]<br /> **[[Insertion of pacemaker or ICD]]<br /> **[[Intracardiac catheter ablation for the treatment of arrhythmia]]<br /> **[[Loop recorder implantation]]<br /> *[[Myocardial procedures]]<br /> **[[Excision of intracardiac tumor]]<br /> **[[Ventriculomyotomy]]<br /> **[[Ventricular aneurysmectomy]]<br /> *[[Cardiac revascularization procedures]]<br /> **[[Coronary artery bypass graft|Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)]]<br /> **[[Off-pump and minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting|Off-pump and minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB)]]<br /> **[[Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty|Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)]]<br /> **[[Transmyocardial laser revascularization]]<br /> **[[Coronary endarterectomy]]<br /> *[[Pericardial procedures]]<br /> **[[Pericardiocentesis]]<br /> **[[Pericardiectomy]]<br /> *[[Septal procedures]]<br /> **[[Septal myectomy/myotomy]]<br /> **[[Transcatheter closure of ASD or VSD]]<br /> **[[Open repair of ASD or VSD]]<br /> *Transplant procedures<br /> **[[Heart transplant]]<br /> **[[Heart-lung transplant]]<br /> **[[Lung transplant]] (Redirect: [[BOLT]])<br /> *[[Valvular procedures]]<br /> **[[Transcatheter aortic valve replacement|Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)]]<br /> **[[Transcatheter mitral valve replacement|Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR)]]<br /> **[[Aortic valve repair or replacement|Aortic valve repair or replacement (AVR)]]<br /> **[[Mitral valve repair or replacement|Mitral valve repair or replacement (MVR)]]<br /> **[[Tricuspid valve repair or replacement]]<br /> **[[Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:General surgery|General surgery]]==<br /> *[[Biliary tract surgery]]<br /> **[[Cholecystectomy]]<br /> **[[Excision of bile duct tumor]]<br /> **[[Choledochal cyst excision or anastomosis]]<br /> **[[Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage]]<br /> **[[Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography]]<br /> **[[Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography]]<br /> *[[Breast surgery]]<br /> **[[Mastectomy]]<br /> **[[Breast biopsy]]<br /> **[[Breast lumpectomy]]<br /> **[[Sentinel lymph node biopsy]]<br /> *[[Colorectal surgery]]<br /> **[[Anorectal surgery]]<br /> ***[[Hemorrhoidectomy]]<br /> ***[[Lateral internal sphincterotomy]]<br /> ***[[Incision and drainage of perianal abscess]]<br /> ***[[High resolution anoscopy|High resolution anoscopy (HRA)]]<br /> ***[[Sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence]]<br /> **[[Colectomy]]<br /> **[[Pelvic exenteration]]<br /> **[[Proctectomy]]<br /> **[[Rectal prolapse surgery]]<br /> ***[[Mucosal sleeve resection|Mucosal sleeve resection (Delorme Procedure)]]<br /> ***[[Perineal rectosigmoidectomy]]<br /> ***[[Rectopexy]]<br /> *[[Endocrine surgery]]<br /> **[[Adrenalectomy]]<br /> ***[[Excision of pheochromocytoma]]<br /> **[[Thyroidectomy]]<br /> **[[Parathyroidectomy]]<br /> *[[Esophageal surgery]]<br /> **[[Cervical esophagostomy]]<br /> **[[Esophagectomy]]<br /> ***[[Thoracoabdominal esophagectomy]]<br /> ***[[Minimally invasive esophagectomy]]<br /> ***[[Transhiatal esophagectomy]]<br /> ***[[Ivor Lewis esophagectomy]]<br /> ***[[McKeown esophagectomy]]<br /> **[[Esophageal diverticulectomy]]<br /> ***[[Zenker's divericulectomy]]<br /> **[[Esophagomyotomy]]<br /> ***[[Heller myotomy]]<br /> **[[Esophagastric fundoplication]]<br /> ***[[Nissen fundoplication]]<br /> ***[[Belsey Mark fundoplication]]<br /> **[[Surgical repair of esophageal perforation or rupture]]<br /> *[[Hepatic surgery]]<br /> **[[Hepatic resection]]<br /> **[[Hepatorrhaphy]]<br /> **[[Liver transplant]]<br /> ***[[Veno-Venous Bypass]]<br /> *[[Intestinal surgery]] <br /> **[[Appendectomy]]<br /> **[[Closure of enteric fistula]]<br /> **[[Duodenotomy]]<br /> **[[Enterolysis procedure|Enterolysis procedure (Lysis of adhesions)]]<br /> **[[Inguinal hernia repair]]<br /> **[[Meckel's diverticulectomy]]<br /> **[[Ostomy procedure]]<br /> **[[Small bowel resection]]<br /> **[[Ventral hernia repair]]<br /> *[[Pancreatic surgery]]<br /> **[[Pancreatectomy]]<br /> **[[Pancreaticoduodenectomy|Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure)]]<br /> *[[Splenic surgery]]<br /> **[[Splenectomy]]<br /> **[[Splenorrhaphy|Splenorrhaphy (Repair of ruptured spleen)]]<br /> *[[Stomach surgery]]<br /> **[[Gastric resection|Gastric resection (Gastrectomy)]]<br /> **[[Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy|Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)]]<br /> **[[Gastric or duodenal perforation repair]]<br /> **[[Bariatric surgery]]<br /> ***[[Gastric bypass surgery]]<br /> ****[[Roux-en-Y gastric bypass]]<br /> ****[[Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch|Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS)]]<br /> ***[[Gastric restrictive surgery]]<br /> ****[[Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding]]<br /> ****[[Open vertical sleeve gastrectomy]]<br /> *[[Trauma surgery]]<br /> *[[Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy surgery|Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy surgery (HIPEC)]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Interventional radiology procedures|Interventional radiology procedures]]==<br /> *[[Superior vena cava recanalization]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Oral and maxillofacial surgery|Oral and maxillofacial surgery]]==<br /> *[[Dental extraction]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Neurosurgery|Neurosurgery]]==<br /> *[[Functional neurosurgery]]<br /> **[[Deep brain stimulation|Deep brain stimulation (DBS)]]<br /> **[[Percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy]]<br /> **[[Vagus nerve stimulation|Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)]]<br /> **[[Responsive neurostimulation|Responsive neurostimulation (RNS)]]<br /> *[[Intracranial neurosurgery]]<br /> **[[Awake craniotomy|Awake craniotomy]]<br /> **[[Bifrontal craniotomy for CSF leak]]<br /> **[[Craniocervical decompression]]<br /> **[[Craniotomy for cerebral embolectomy]]<br /> **[[Craniotomy for decompression of cranial nerves]]<br /> **[[Craniotomy for extracranial-intracranial revascularization|Craniotomy for extracranial-intracranial revascularization (EC-IC bypass)]]<br /> **[[Craniotomy for intracranial aneurysm]]<br /> **[[Craniotomy for intracranial vascular malformations]]<br /> **[[Craniotomy for resection of epileptogenic focus]]<br /> **[[Craniotomy for trauma]]<br /> **[[Craniotomy for tumor resection]]<br /> **[[Transphenoidal resection of pituitary tumor]]<br /> *[[Spinal neurosurgery]]<br /> **[[Anterior cervical spine surgery]]<br /> **[[Posterior cervical spine surgery]]<br /> **[[Anterior thoracic spine surgery]]<br /> **[[Posterior thoracic spine surgery]]<br /> **[[Anterior lumbar/lumbosacral spine surgery]]<br /> **[[Posterior lumbar/lumbosacral spine surgery]]<br /> *[[CSF aspiration, diversion, or shunt procedures]]<br /> **[[Ventriculocisternostomy|Ventriculocisternostomy (Torkildsen shunt)]]<br /> **[[Ventriculoperitoneal shunt|Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VP shunt)]]<br /> **[[Ventriculoatrial shunt|Ventriculoatrial shunt (VA shunt)]]<br /> *[[Carotid endarterectomy|Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)]]<br /> *Neuro interventional radiology procedures<br /> **[[Cerebral angiogram]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Obstetric and gynecologic surgery|Obstetric and gynecologic surgery]]==<br /> *[[Cesarean section]]<br /> *[[Dilation and curettage|Dilation and curettage (D&amp;C)]]<br /> *[[Endometrial ablation]]<br /> *[[Hysterectomy|Hysterectomy (TAH)]]<br /> *[[Hysteroscopy]]<br /> *[[Myomectomy|Myomectomy (Fibroidectomy)]]<br /> *[[Oophorectomy|Oophorectomy (BSO)]]<br /> *[[Ovarian torsion surgery]]<br /> *[[Pelvic exenteration]]<br /> *[[Tubal ligation]]<br /> *[[Vaginectomy]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Ophthalmology|Ophthalmology]]==<br /> *[[Cataract surgery|Cataract surgery]]<br /> *[[Corneal transplant]]<br /> *[[Traveculectomy]]<br /> *[[Ectropion repair]]<br /> *[[Entropion repair]]<br /> *[[Ptosis repair]]<br /> *[[Eyelid reconstruction]]<br /> *[[Pterygium excision]]<br /> *[[Repair of ruptured of lacerated globe]]<br /> *[[Dacryocystorhinostomy|Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)]]<br /> *[[Enucleation]]<br /> *[[Orbitotomy]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedic surgery]]==<br /> *[[Foot and ankle surgery]]<br /> *[[Hand surgery]]<br /> **[[Hand or digit replantation]]<br /> **[[Carpal tunnel release]]<br /> **[[Fixation of fractures and dislocations of the wrist and hand]]<br /> **[[Wrist arthroscopy]]<br /> **[[Darrach procedure]]<br /> **[[Arthrodesis of the wrist]]<br /> **[[Excision of ganglion of the wrist]]<br /> **[[Palmar and digital fasciectomy]]<br /> **[[Repair of laceracted nerves/tendons of the hand]]<br /> *[[Hip surgery]]<br /> **[[Hip arthroplasty|Hip arthroplasty (THA)]]<br /> *[[Lower leg surgery]]<br /> **[[Open reduction and interal fixation of the tibial plateau fracture]]<br /> *[[Joint replacement surgery]]<br /> **[[Hip arthroplasty|Hip arthroplasty (THA)]]<br /> **[[Knee arthroplasty|Knee arthroplasty (TKA)]]<br /> **[[Shoulder arthroplasty|Shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)]]<br /> *[[Knee surgery]]<br /> **[[Knee arthroplasty|Knee arthroplasty (TKA)]]<br /> *[[Orthopedic oncology surgery]]<br /> *[[Shoulder surgery]]<br /> **[[Shoulder arthroplasty|Shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)]]<br /> *[[Spine surgery]]<br /> *[[Sports surgery]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Otolaryngology|Otolaryngology]]==<br /> *Airway procedures<br /> **[[Bronchoscopy]]<br /> **[[Deep extubation]]<br /> **[[Laryngoscopy]]<br /> *[[Ear, audiovestibular, and temporal bone procedures]]<br /> **[[Cochlear implant surgery]]<br /> **[[Tympanoplasty and/or mastoidectomy]]<br /> *[[Esophageal surgery]]<br /> **[[Esophageal diverticulectomy]]<br /> **[[Esophagoscopy]]<br /> *[[Jaw surgery]]<br /> **[[Maxillary and mandibular osteotomy]]<br /> **[[Temporomandibular joint surgery]]<br /> *[[Pharyngeal surgery]]<br /> **[[Glossectomy]]<br /> **[[Tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy]]<br /> *[[Nasal surgery]]<br /> **[[Rhinectomy]]<br /> **[[Rhinoplasty and/or septoplasty]]<br /> *[[Neck surgery]]<br /> **[[Brachial cleft cyst excision]]<br /> **[[Cricothyroidotomy]]<br /> **[[Laryngectomy]]<br /> **[[Laryngoplasty]]<br /> **[[Lymph node biopsy]]<br /> **[[Platysmaplasty|Platysmaplasty (Neck lift)]]<br /> **[[Submandibular gland excision]]<br /> **[[Thyroid radiofrequency ablation]]<br /> **[[Tracheal resection]]<br /> **[[Tracheotomy]]<br /> *[[Salivary and parotid surgery]]<br /> **[[Parotidectomy]]<br /> *[[Sinus surgery]]<br /> **[[Functional endoscopic sinus surgery|Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)]]<br /> **[[Maxillectomy]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Pediatric surgery|Pediatric surgery]]==<br /> *[[Pediatric cardiac surgery]]<br /> **[[Anastomosis of pulmonary artery to aorta]] (Redirects: [[Damus-Kaye-Stan procedure]])<br /> **[[Ascending aorta to pulmonary artery shunt]] (Redirects: [[Waterson shunt]])<br /> **[[Banding of pulmonary artery]]<br /> **[[Descending aorta to pulmonary artery shunt]] (Redirects: [[Potts-Smith shunt]])<br /> **[[Excision of coarctation of aorta]]<br /> **[[Repair of pulmonary venous stenosis]]<br /> **[[Repair of anomalous pulmonary venous return]]<br /> **[[Repair of hypoplastic or interrupted aortic arch]]<br /> **[[Repair of transposition of the great arteries]]<br /> **[[Repair of truncus arteriosus]] (Redirects: [[Rastelli procedure]])<br /> **[[Repair of patent ductus arteriosus]]<br /> **[[Subclavian to pulmonary artery shunt]] (Redirects: [[Blalock-Taussig shunt]])<br /> **[[Superior vena cava to pulmonary artery]] (Redirects: [[Glenn procedure]])<br /> **Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation <br /> **Cardiac Catheterization <br /> *[[Pyloromyotomy]]<br /> *[[Pediatric neurosurgery]]<br /> *[[Pediatric otorhinolaryngology]]<br /> **[[Myringotomy for ear tubes]]<br /> *[[Pediatric urology]]<br /> **[[Circumcision]]<br /> **[[Orchiopexy]]<br /> **[[Meatoplasty]]<br /> **[[Bladder Exstrophy Repair]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Plastic and reconstructive surgery|Plastic and reconstructive surgery]]==<br /> *[[Burn surgery]]<br /> **[[Burn wound debridement]]<br /> **[[Burn wound skin grafting]]<br /> **[[Burn wound scar revision]]<br /> **[[Laser treatment for burn scar]]<br /> *[[Panniculectomy]]<br /> *[[Platysmaplasty|Platysmaplasty (Neck lift)]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Thoracic surgery|Thoracic surgery]]==<br /> *[[Bronchopulmonary lavage]]<br /> *[[Chest wall resection]]<br /> *[[Diaphragmatic plication]]<br /> *[[Drainage of empyema]]<br /> *[[Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration]] (Redirects: [[EBUS-TBNA]])<br /> *[[Lobectomy]] (Redirects: [[Wedge resection]])<br /> *[[Lung volume reduction surgery]]<br /> *[[Mediastinal tumor resection]]<br /> *[[Mediastinoscopy]]<br /> *[[Surgery for pleural mesothelioma|Pleural mesothelioma]]<br /> *[[Pneumonectomy]]<br /> *[[Repair of pectus excavatum or carinatum]]<br /> *[[Thoracoplasty]]<br /> *[[Thymectomy]]<br /> *[[Tracheal resection]]<br /> *[[Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery]] (Redirects: [[VATS]])<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Vascular surgery|Vascular surgery]]==<br /> *[[Arteriovenous access for hemodialysis]]<br /> *[[Carotid endarterectomy|Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)]]<br /> *[[Endovascular aortic repair|Endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR)]]<br /> *[[Infrainguinal arterial bypass]]<br /> *[[Lumbar sympathectomy]]<br /> *[[Permanent vascular access]]<br /> *[[Thoracic outlet syndrome surgery]]<br /> *[[Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts|Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS)]]<br /> *[[Varicose vein stripping and ablation]]<br /> *[[Femoral artery endarterectomy]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Urology|Urology]]==<br /> *[[Brachytherapy]]<br /> *[[Circumcision]]<br /> *[[Cystectomy]]<br /> *[[Cystoscopy]]<br /> *[[Hypospadias repair]]<br /> *[[Kidney transplant]]<br /> *[[Lithotripsy]]<br /> *[[Nephrectomy]]<br /> *[[Nephrostomy]]<br /> *[[Orchiectomy]]<br /> *[[Penectomy]]<br /> *[[Percutaneous nephrolithotomy or nephrolithotripsy]]<br /> *[[Prostatectomy|Prostatectomy (TURP)]]<br /> *[[Pelvic exenteration]]<br /> *[[Suprapubic cystostomy]]<br /> *[[Transurethral resection of bladder tumor|Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Out-of-operating room procedures|Out-of-operating room procedures]]==<br /> *[[Cardioversion]]<br /> *[[Electroconvulsive therapy|Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)]]<br /> *[[Gastroenterology procedures]]<br /> **[[Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography|Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)]]<br /> **[[Colonoscopy]]<br /> **[[Upper GI endoscopy|Upper GI endoscopy (EGD)]]<br /> <br /> =[[Airway management]]=<br /> *[[Airway anatomy]]<br /> *[[Airway assessment]]<br /> *[[Aspiration under anesthesia]]<br /> *[[Cormack-Lehane grading system]]<br /> *[[Deep extubation]]<br /> *[[Difficult airway algorithm]]<br /> *[[Endobronchial intubation]] (Redirects: [[Mainstem intubation]])<br /> *[[Mallampati score]]<br /> *[[One-lung ventilation]]<br /> **[[Bronchial blocker]]<br /> **[[Double-lumen endotracheal tube]]<br /> *[[Pediatric airway management]]<br /> *[[Preoxygenation]]<br /> *[[Transtracheal ventilation]]<br /> <br /> ==[[Airway equipment]]==<br /> *[[Bougie]]<br /> *[[Breathing circuits]] (Redirects: [[Ayre's T-piece]], [[Bain system]], [[Jackson-Rees]], [[Lack system]], [[Magill system]], [[Mapleson A]], [[Mapleson B]], [[Mapleson C]], [[Mapleson D]], [[Mapleson E]], [[Mapleson F]], [[Waters bag]])<br /> *[[Bronchial blocker]]<br /> *Endotracheal tubes<br /> **[[Double-lumen endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[DLT]], [[Double-lumen endobronchial tube]])<br /> **[[Endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[ETT]])<br /> **[[Electromyographic endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[EMG ETT]], [[NIM EMG ETT]])<br /> **[[Laser-resistant endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[Laser ETT]])<br /> **[[Microlaryngeal endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[Microlaryngoscopy tube]], [[MLT]])<br /> **[[Reinforced endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[Armored endotracheal tube]], [[Wire-reinforced endotracheal tube]])<br /> **[[Ring-Adair-Elwyn endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[Nasal RAE ETT]], [[Oral RAE ETT]], [[RAE ETT]])<br /> *Laryngoscope blades<br /> **[[Macintosh laryngoscope blade]] (Redirects: [[MAC]])<br /> **[[Miller laryngoscope blade]] (Redirects: [[Miller]])<br /> **[[Wis-Hipple laryngoscope blade]] (Redirects: [[Miller]])<br /> *[[Lighted stylet]] (Redirects: [[Lightwand]])<br /> *[[Magill forceps]]<br /> *Noninvasive ventilation<br /> **[[Bag valve mask]] (Redirects: [[Ambu bag]], [[BVM]])<br /> **[[Nasal cannula]]<br /> **[[Non-rebreather mask]]<br /> **[[High-flow nasal cannula]] (Redirects: [[HFNC]])<br /> *Supraglottic airways<br /> **[[Combitube]] (Redirects: [[Esophageal-tracheal double-lumen tube]])<br /> **[[Laryngeal tube]] (Redirects: [[King LT]])<br /> **[[Nasopharyngeal airway]] (Redirects: [[Nasal airway]])<br /> **[[Oropharyngeal airway]] (Redirects: [[Oral airway]])<br /> **Laryngeal mask airways<br /> ***[[Laryngeal mask airway]] (Redirects: [[LMA]])<br /> ***[[LMA Fastrach]] (Redirects: [[Intubating LMA]])<br /> ***[[LMA ProSeal]]<br /> ***[[LMA Unique]]<br /> ***[[LMA Supreme]]<br /> ***[[I-gel LMA]] (Redirects: [[IGel LMA]])<br /> *[[Video laryngoscopes]]<br /> **[[C-Mac]]<br /> **[[Glidescope]]<br /> *[[Yankauer suction tip]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Airway procedures|Airway procedures]]==<br /> *[[Cricothyrotomy]] (Redirects: [[Cric]], [[Crike]], [[Thyrocricotomy]], [[Cricothyroidotomy]], [[Needle cricothyrotomy]])<br /> *[[Endotracheal intubation]] (Redirects: [[Intubation]])<br /> **[[Asleep fiberoptic intubation]]<br /> **[[Awake fiberoptic intubation]]<br /> **[[Nasal intubation]]<br /> **[[Oral intubation]]<br /> **[[Retrograde intubation]]<br /> *[[Laryngoscopy]]<br /> **[[Direct laryngoscopy]] (Redirects: [[DL]])<br /> **[[Indirect laryngoscopy]] (Redirects: [[Fiberoptic laryngoscopy]], [[VL]], [[Video laryngoscopy]])<br /> *[[Tracheotomy]] (Redirects: [[Tracheostomy]])<br /> <br /> =Anatomy and physiology=<br /> *[[Acid-base homeostasis]]<br /> *[[Cerebral physiology]]<br /> *[[Consciousness]]<br /> *[[Cardiovascular anatomy and physiology]]<br /> *[[Gastrointestinal physiology]]<br /> *[[Hematology]]<br /> * [[Hepatic physiology]]<br /> * [[Renal physiology]]<br /> * [[Respiratory physiology]]<br /> <br /> = [[:Category:Comorbidities|Comorbidities]] =<br /> <br /> == [[Acid-base disorders]] ==<br /> * [[Metabolic acidosis]] (Redirects: [[Anion gap metabolic acidosis]], [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[DKA]], [[High anion gap metabolic acidosis]], [[Hyperchloremic acidosis]], [[Ketoacidosis]], [[Lactic acidosis]], [[Nongap metabolic acidosis]], [[Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis]], [[Renal tubular acidosis]], [[RTA]])<br /> * [[Metabolic alkalosis]] (Redirects: [[Contraction alkalosis]])<br /> * [[Respiratory acidosis]]<br /> * [[Respiratory alkalosis]]<br /> <br /> == Cardiovascular disorders ==<br /> * [[Acute coronary syndrome]] (Redirects: [[MI]], [[Myocardial infarction]], [[Myocardial ischemia]], [[Unstable angina]])<br /> * [[Angina pectoris]] (Redirects: [[Prinzmetal's angina]], [[Stable angina]])<br /> * [[Aortic aneurysm]]<br /> * [[Aortic dissection]] (Redirects: [[Type A dissection]], [[Type B dissection]])<br /> * [[Aortic rupture]]<br /> * [[Arteriovenous malformation]] (Redirects: [[AVM]], [[Cerebral arteriovenous malformation]], [[Cerebral AVM]])<br /> * [[Brugada syndrome]]<br /> * [[Cardiac arrhythmias]]<br /> ** [[Asystole]]<br /> ** [[Atrial fibrillation]] (Redirects: [[Afib]])<br /> ** [[Atrial flutter]] (Redirects: [[Aflutter]])<br /> ** [[Bradycardia]] (Redirects: [[Sinus bradycardia]])<br /> ** [[Drug-induced QT prolongation]] (Redirects: [[QT prolongation]])<br /> ** [[Junctional rhythm]]<br /> ** [[Long QT syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Romano-Ward syndrome]])<br /> ** [[Pulseless electrical activity]] (Redirects: [[PEA]])<br /> ** [[Sick sinus syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome]])<br /> ** [[Ventricular fibrillation]]<br /> ** [[Wandering atrial pacemaker]]<br /> ** [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]] (Redirects: [[WPW]])<br /> ** [[Heart block]] (Redirects: [[Atrioventricular block]], [[AV block]], [[SA block]], [[Sinoatrial block]])<br /> *** [[Bundle branch block]] (Redirects: [[Bifascicular block]])<br /> **** [[Left anterior fascicular block]] (Redirects: [[LAFB]])<br /> **** [[Left bundle branch block]] (Redirects: [[LBBB]])<br /> **** [[Left posterior fascicular block]] (Redirects: [[LPFB]])<br /> **** [[Right bundle branch block]] (Redirects: [[RBBB]])<br /> *** [[First-degree atrioventricular block]] (Redirects: [[1st-degree atrioventricular block]])<br /> *** [[Second-degree atrioventricular block]] (Redirects: [[2nd-degree atrioventricular block]], [[Mobitz I]], [[Mobitz II]], [[Wenckebach block]])<br /> *** [[Third-degree atrioventricular block]] (Redirects: [[3rd-degree atrioventricular block]], [[Complete heart block]], [[Trifascicular block]])<br /> ** [[Premature contraction]]<br /> *** [[Premature atrial contraction]] (Redirects: [[PAC]])<br /> *** [[Premature junctional contraction]] (Redirects: [[PJC]])<br /> *** [[Premature ventricular contraction]] (Redirects: [[PVC]])<br /> ** [[Tachycardia]]<br /> *** [[Supraventricular tachycardia]] (Redirects: [[SVT]])<br /> **** [[Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia]] (Redirects: [[AVRT]])<br /> **** [[AV-nodal reentrant tachycardia]] (Redirects: [[AVNRT]])<br /> **** [[Multifocal atrial tachycardia]]<br /> **** [[Sinus tachycardia]]<br /> *** [[Ventricular tachycardia]]<br /> * [[Cardiac tamponade]]<br /> * [[Cardiomyopathy]]<br /> ** [[Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy]]<br /> ** [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]<br /> ** [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] (Redirects: [[HOCM]])<br /> ** [[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]<br /> ** [[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]] (Redirects: [[Broken heart syndrome]], [[Stress cardiomyopathy]])<br /> ** [[Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy]]<br /> * Cardiomegaly<br /> ** [[Left atrial enlargement]] (Redirects: [[LAE]])<br /> ** [[Left ventricular hypertrophy]] (Redirects: [[LVH]])<br /> ** [[Right atrial enlargement]] (Redirects: [[RAE]])<br /> ** [[Right ventricular hypertrophy]] (Redirects: [[RVH]])<br /> * [[Congenital heart defects]]<br /> ** [[Absent pulmonary valve syndrome]]<br /> ** [[Aortopulmonary septal defects]]<br /> *** [[Aortopulmonary window]]<br /> *** [[Double outlet right ventricle]] (Redirects: [[DORV]])<br /> *** [[Persistent truncus arteriosus]] (Redirects: [[PTA]])<br /> *** [[Taussig-Bing syndrome]]<br /> *** [[Transposition of the great vessels]] (Redirects: [[d-TGA]], [[dextro-Transposition of the great arteries]], [[l-TGA]], [[levo-Transposition of the great arteries]], [[TGA]], [[TGV]])<br /> ** [[Atrial septal defect]] (Redirects: [[ASD]], [[Sinus venosus atrial septal defect]])<br /> ** [[Atrioventricular septal defect]] (Redirects: [[Atrioventricular canal defect]], [[Endocardial cushion defect]], [[AVSD]], [[Ostium primum atrial septal defect]])<br /> ** [[Bicuspid aortic valve]]<br /> ** [[Cor triatriatum]]<br /> ** [[Coronary artery anomaly]] (Redirects: [[AAOCA]], [[Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery]])<br /> ** [[Crisscross heart]]<br /> ** [[Dextrocardia]]<br /> ** [[Ebstein's anomaly]]<br /> ** [[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]<br /> ** [[Hypoplastic right heart syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Uhl anomaly]])<br /> ** [[Lutembacher's syndrome]]<br /> ** [[Tetralogy of Fallot]]<br /> ** [[Ventricular inversion]]<br /> ** [[Ventricular septal defect]] (Redirects: [[VSD]])<br /> * [[Congenital vascular malformations]]<br /> ** [[Aberrant subclavian artery]]<br /> ** [[Anomalous pulmonary venous connection]] (Redirects: [[Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection]], [[Scimitar syndrome]], [[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]])<br /> ** [[Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva]]<br /> ** [[Coarctation of the aorta]]<br /> ** [[Congenital stenosis of vena cava]]<br /> ** [[Double aortic arch]]<br /> ** [[Interrupted aortic arch]]<br /> ** [[Overriding aorta]]<br /> ** [[Patent ductus arteriosus]] (Redirects: [[PDA]])<br /> ** [[Persistent left superior vena cava]]<br /> ** [[Pulmonary atresia]]<br /> ** [[Right-sided aortic arch]]<br /> ** [[Stenosis of pulmonary artery]]<br /> ** [[Vascular ring]]<br /> * [[Coronary artery disease]] (Redirects: [[CAD]])<br /> * [[Coronary steal syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Cardiac steal syndrome]])<br /> * [[Endocarditis]] (Redirects: [[Acute bacterial endocarditis]], [[Infective endocarditis]], [[Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis]], [[Subacute bacterial endocarditis]])<br /> * [[Heart failure]] (Redirects: [[Biventricular heart failure]], [[CHF]], [[Congestive heart failure]], [[Left-sided heart failure]], [[Right-sided heart failure]])<br /> ** [[Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction]] (Redirects: [[HFrEF]], [[Systolic heart failure]])<br /> ** [[Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction]] (Redirects: [[HFpEF]], [[Diastolic dysfunction]], [[Diastolic heart failure]])<br /> ** [[Pulmonary heart disease]]<br /> * [[Gestational hypertension]]<br /> * [[Hypertension (comorbidity)]] (Redirects: [[Essential hypertension]], [[HTN]])<br /> * [[Pericardial effusion]]<br /> * [[Pericarditis]]<br /> * [[Peripheral artery disease]] (Redirects: [[PAD]])<br /> * [[Pulmonary embolism]] (Redirects: [[PE]])<br /> * [[Pulmonary heart disease]] (Redirects: [[Cor pulmonale]])<br /> * [[Pulmonary hypertension]] (Redirects: [[PAH]], [[PH]], [[Pulmonary arterial hypertension]])<br /> * [[Shock]]<br /> ** [[Cardiogenic shock]]<br /> ** [[Obstructive shock]]<br /> ** [[Distributive shock]] (Redirects: [[Septic shock]])<br /> * [[Valvular heart disease]]<br /> ** [[Aortic stenosis]]<br /> ** [[Aortic regurgitation]]<br /> ** [[Mitral stenosis]]<br /> ** [[Mitral regurgitation]]<br /> ** [[Mitral valve prolapse]] (Redirects: [[MVP]])<br /> ** [[Pulmonary valve stenosis]]<br /> ** [[Pulmonary valve regurgitation]] (Redirects: [[Pulmonary valve insufficiency]])<br /> ** [[Tricuspid stenosis]] (Redirects: [[TS]])<br /> ** [[Tricuspid regurgitation]]<br /> <br /> == Cerebrovascular disorders ==<br /> * [[Anterior spinal artery syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Beck's syndrome]])<br /> * [[Carotid artery stenosis]]<br /> * [[Moyamoya disease]]<br /> * [[Epidural hematoma]]<br /> * [[Intracranial aneurysm]] (Redirects: [[Berry aneurysm]], [[Saccular aneurysm]])<br /> * [[Intracranial hemorrhage]] (Redirects: [[Intracerebral hemorrhage]], [[Intraparenchymal hemorrhage]], [[Intraventricular hemorrhage]], [[SAH]], [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]])<br /> * [[Stroke]] (Redirects: [[Cerebral infarction]], [[Cerebrovascular accident]], [[CVA]], [[Hemorrhagic stroke]], [[Ischemic stroke]])<br /> * [[Subdural hematoma]] (Redirects: [[SDH]])<br /> * [[Vertebrobasilar insufficiency]] (Redirects: [[Subclavian steal syndrome]], [[VBI]])<br /> <br /> == Electrolyte disorders ==<br /> * [[Hypercalcemia]]<br /> * [[Hyperkalemia]]<br /> * [[Hypernatremia]]<br /> * [[Hypocalcemia]]<br /> * [[Hypokalemia]]<br /> * [[Hyponatremia]] (Redirects: [[Hypotonic hyponatremia]], [[Isotonic hyponatremia]])<br /> <br /> == Endocrine disorders ==<br /> * [[Acromegaly]]<br /> * [[Adrenal insufficiency]] (Redirects: [[Addison's disease]])<br /> * [[Carcinoid syndrome]]<br /> * [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]<br /> * [[Cushing's syndrome]]<br /> * [[Diabetes insipidus]]<br /> * [[Diabetes mellitus]]<br /> ** [[Gestational diabetes]]<br /> ** [[Type 1 diabetes]] (Redirects: [[DM1]], [[T1D]])<br /> ** [[Type 2 diabetes]] (Redirects: [[DM2]], [[T2D]])<br /> * [[Hyperaldosteronism]] (Redirects: [[Bartter syndrome]], [[Conn syndrome]])<br /> * [[Hyperlipidemia]] (Redirects: [[HLD]])<br /> * [[Hyperparathyroidism]]<br /> * [[Hyperthyroidism]] (Redirects: [[Graves' disease]], [[Thyrotoxicosis]])<br /> * [[Hypoaldosteronism]]<br /> * [[Hypoparathyroidism]]<br /> * [[Hypothyroidism]] (Redirects: [[Cretinism]], [[Euthyroid sick syndrome]], [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], [[Myxedema]])<br /> * [[Kallmann syndrome]]<br /> * [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]] (Redirects: [[Sipple syndrome]], [[Wagenmann-Froboese syndrome]], [[Wermer syndrome]])<br /> * [[Obesity]]<br /> * [[Pheochromocytoma]]<br /> * [[Porphyria]] (Redirects: [[Acute intermittent porphyria]], [[AIP]])<br /> * [[Serotonin syndrome]]<br /> * [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion]] (Redirects: [[SIADH]])<br /> <br /> == Gastrointestinal disorders ==<br /> * [[Acute liver failure]] (Redirects: [[ALF]], [[Fulminant hepatic failure]], [[Hepatic encephalopathy]])<br /> * [[Chronic liver disease]]<br /> ** [[Cirrhosis]] (Redirects: [[Chronic liver failure]])<br /> ** [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]<br /> * [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]] (Redirects: [[Acid reflux]], [[GERD]], [[Heartburn]])<br /> * [[Hepatitis]]<br /> * [[Pyloric stenosis]]<br /> <br /> == Genetic disorders ==<br /> * [[Amyloidosis]]<br /> * [[Andersen-Tawil syndrome]]<br /> * [[Antithrombin III deficiency]]<br /> * [[Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy]]<br /> * [[Bartter syndrome]]<br /> * [[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]]<br /> * [[Brugada syndrome]]<br /> * [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]<br /> * [[Congenital afibrinogenemia]]<br /> * [[Crouzon syndrome]]<br /> * [[Cystic fibrosis]] (Redirects: [[CF]])<br /> * [[Down syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Trisomy 21]])<br /> * [[Dysfibrinogenemia]]<br /> * [[Edwards syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Trisomy 18]])<br /> * [[Ehlers-Danlos syndromes]] (Redirects: [[EDS]])<br /> * [[Epidermolysis bullosa]] (Redirects: [[EB]])<br /> * [[Fabry disease]]<br /> * [[Factor V Leiden]]<br /> * [[Fanconi syndrome]]<br /> * [[Friedreich's ataxia]]<br /> * [[Gitelman syndrome]]<br /> * [[Glanzmann's thrombasthenia]]<br /> * [[Glycogen storage disease]] (Redirects: [[Aldolase A deficiency]], [[Andersen disease]], [[Cori's disease]], [[Forbes' disease]], [[Hers' disease]], [[McArdle disease]], [[Pompe disease]], [[Tarui's disease]], [[von Gierke's disease]])<br /> * [[Gray platelet syndrome]]<br /> * [[Hemophilia]]<br /> * [[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]] (Redirects: [[HHT]], [[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]])<br /> * [[Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome]]<br /> * [[Huntington's disease]]<br /> * [[Hypoprothrombinemia]]<br /> * [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]<br /> * [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]<br /> * [[Kallmann syndrome]]<br /> * [[Klippel-Feil syndrome]]<br /> * [[Liddle's syndrome]]<br /> * [[Long QT syndrome]]<br /> * [[Marfan syndrome]]<br /> * [[May-Hegglin anomaly]]<br /> * [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]]<br /> * [[Noonan syndrome]]<br /> * [[Pierre Robin sequence]]<br /> * [[Protein C deficiency]]<br /> * [[Protein S deficiency]]<br /> * [[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]]<br /> * [[Muscular dystrophy]] (Redirects: [[Becker muscular dystrophy]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy]], [[Myotonic muscular dystrophy]])<br /> * [[Neurofibromatosis]]<br /> * [[Mucopolysaccharidosis]] (Redirects: [[Hunter syndrome]], [[Hurler syndrome]], [[Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome]], [[Morquio syndrome]], [[Natowicz syndrome]], [[Sanfilippo syndrome]], [[Scheie syndrome]], [[Sly syndrome]])<br /> * [[Sickle cell disease]]<br /> * [[Timothy syndrome]]<br /> * [[Treacher Collins syndrome]]<br /> * [[VACTERL association]]<br /> * [[von Willebrand disease]]<br /> <br /> == Head and neck disorders ==<br /> * [[Epiglottitis]]<br /> * [[Laryngomalacia]]<br /> * [[Laryngotracheal stenosis]]<br /> * [[Pharyngeal abscess]] (Redirects: [[Peritonsillar abscess]], [[Retropharyngeal abscess]])<br /> * [[Pharyngitis]] (Redirects: [[Strep throat]], [[Tonsillitis]])<br /> <br /> == Hematologic disorders ==<br /> * [[Coagulopathies]]<br /> ** [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]] (Redirects: [[DIC]], [[Purpura fulminans]])<br /> ** Hypercoagulable disorders<br /> *** [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]] (Redirects: [[APLS]], [[APS]])<br /> *** [[Antithrombin III deficiency]] (Redirects: [[ATIII deficiency]])<br /> *** [[Essential thrombocythemia]]<br /> *** [[Factor V Leiden]]<br /> *** [[Protein C deficiency]]<br /> *** [[Protein S deficiency]]<br /> ** Hypocoagulable disorders<br /> *** [[Evans syndrome]]<br /> *** [[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]]<br /> *** [[Congenital afibrinogenemia]]<br /> *** [[Dysfibrinogenemia]]<br /> *** [[Glanzmann's thrombasthenia]]<br /> *** [[Gray platelet syndrome]]<br /> *** [[Hemophilia]] (Redirects: [[Factor IX deficiency]], [[Factor VII deficiency]], [[Factor VIII deficiency]], [[Factor X deficiency]], [[Factor XI deficiency]], [[Factor XII deficiency]], [[Factor XIII deficiency]], [[Haemophilia]], [[Hemophilia A]], [[Hemophilia B]], [[Hemophilia C]])<br /> *** [[Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]] (Redirects: [[HIT]], [[HITT]])<br /> *** [[Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome]]<br /> *** [[Hypoprothrombinemia]]<br /> *** [[Thrombocytopenic purpura]] (Redirects: [[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[ITP]], [[Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[TTP]], [[Upshaw–Schulman syndrome]])<br /> *** [[May-Hegglin anomaly]]<br /> *** [[von Willebrand disease]] (Redirects: [[vWD]])<br /> <br /> == Mediastinal disorders ==<br /> * [[Mediastinal mass]]<br /> * [[Mediastinitis]]<br /> * [[Pneumomediastinum]] (Redirects: [[Mediastinal emphysema]])<br /> <br /> == Musculoskeletal disorders ==<br /> * Congenital musculoskeletal disorders<br /> ** [[Craniosynostosis]]<br /> ** [[Down syndrome]]<br /> ** [[Goldenhar syndrome]]<br /> ** [[Klippel-Feil syndrome]] (Redirects: [[KFS]])<br /> ** [[Pierre Robin sequence]] (Redirects: [[PRS]])<br /> ** [[Treacher Collins syndrome]] (Redirects: [[TCS]])<br /> <br /> == [[Neonatal emergencies]] ==<br /> * [[Abdominal wall defects]]<br /> ** [[Gastroschisis]]<br /> ** [[Omphalocele]]<br /> * [[Choanal atresia]]<br /> * [[Congenital diaphragmatic hernia]]<br /> * [[Esophageal atresia]]<br /> * [[Intestinal obstruction]]<br /> ** [[Congenital aganglionic megacolon]] (Redirects: [[Hirschsprung's disease]])<br /> ** [[Intestinal atresia]]<br /> ** [[Intestinal malrotation]] (Redirects: [[Volvulus]]<br /> ** [[Meconium ileus]]<br /> * [[Necrotizing enterocolitis]] (Redirects: [[NEC]])<br /> * [[Pyloric stenosis]]<br /> * [[Spina bifida]]<br /> * [[Tracheoesophageal fistula]]<br /> <br /> == Neurologic disorders ==<br /> * [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (Redirects: [[ALS]])<br /> * [[Autonomic dysreflexia]]<br /> * [[Chronic pain (comorbidity)]]<br /> * [[Dementia]]<br /> * [[Dysautonomia]]<br /> * [[Essential tremor]]<br /> * [[Huntington's disease]]<br /> * [[Multiple sclerosis]]<br /> * [[Myasthenia gravis]]<br /> * [[Parkinson's disease]]<br /> * [[Seizures]] (Redirects: [[Epilepsy]])<br /> * [[Stroke]]<br /> <br /> == Obstetric disorders==<br /> * [[Amniotic fluid embolism]] (Redirects: [[AFE]])<br /> * [[Ectopic pregnancy]]<br /> * [[Fetal distress]]<br /> * [[Gestational hypertension]]<br /> * [[Gestational diabetes]]<br /> * [[Nuchal cord]]<br /> * [[HELLP syndrome]]<br /> * [[Obstetrical bleeding]]<br /> * [[Placenta accreta spectrum]] (Redirects: [[Accreta]], [[Increta]], [[Percreta]], [[Placenta accreta]], [[Placenta increta]], [[Placenta percreta]])<br /> * [[Umbilical cord prolapse]]<br /> * [[Uterine rupture]]<br /> * [[Vasa previa]]<br /> <br /> == Psychiatric disorders ==<br /> * [[Generalized Anxiety disorder]] (Redirects: [[Anxiety]], [[GAD]])<br /> * [[Major depressive disorder]] (Redirects: [[Depression]], [[MDD]])<br /> * [[Substance abuse]] (Redirects: [[Drug abuse]])<br /> <br /> == Pulmonary disorders ==<br /> * [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]] (Redirect: [[ARDS]])<br /> * [[Asthma]]<br /> * [[Atelectasis]]<br /> * [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (Redirects: [[COPD]])<br /> * [[Cystic fibrosis]]<br /> * [[Lung cancer]]<br /> * [[Obstructive sleep apnea]] (Redirects: [[OSA]])<br /> * [[Pleural effusion]]<br /> * [[Pneumonia]]<br /> * [[Pneumothorax]]<br /> * [[Pulmonary edema]]<br /> * [[Pulmonary embolism]] (Redirects: [[PE]])<br /> * [[Pulmonary hypertension]]<br /> * [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (Redirects: [[Coronavirus]], [[COVID-19]], [[SARS-CoV-2]])<br /> <br /> == Renal disorders ==<br /> * [[Acute renal failure]]<br /> * [[Bartter syndrome]]<br /> * [[Diabetes insipidus]]<br /> * [[Chronic kidney disease]] (Redirects: [[CKD]])<br /> * [[Fanconi syndrome]]<br /> * [[Gitelman syndrome]]<br /> * [[Liddle's syndrome]]<br /> * [[Uremia]]<br /> <br /> =Perioperative management=<br /> *[[Enhanced recovery after surgery|Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS)]]<br /> *[[Perioperative prevention of chronic pain]]<br /> *[[Perioperative visual loss]]<br /> ==Preoperative management==<br /> *[[Preoperative patient assessment]]<br /> *[[Preoperative medication management|Preoperative medication management]]<br /> *[[NPO guidelines]]<br /> ==Postoperative management==<br /> *[[Postoperative pain management]]<br /> ===Postoperative complications===<br /> *[[Dental injury]]<br /> *[[Intraoperative awareness]]<br /> *[[Postoperative nausea and vomiting|Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)]]<br /> *[[Residual neuromuscular blockade]]<br /> <br /> =Intraoperative emergencies=<br /> *[[Acute coronary syndrome]] (Redirects: [[MI]], [[Myocardial infarction]], [[Myocardial ischemia]])<br /> *[[Amniotic fluid embolism]] (Redirects: [[AFE]])<br /> *[[Anaphylaxis]]<br /> *[[Asystole]]<br /> *[[Bradycardia (intraoperative emergency)]]<br /> *[[Bronchospasm]]<br /> *[[Cardiac arrest]]<br /> *[[Delayed emergence]]<br /> *[[Difficult airway algorithm]]<br /> *[[Fire (intraoperative emergency)]] (Redirects: [[Airway fire]])<br /> *[[Hypertension (intraoperative emergency)]]<br /> *[[Hypotension (intraoperative emergency)]]<br /> *[[Hypoxemia (intraoperative emergency)]]<br /> *[[Laryngospasm]]<br /> *[[Local anesthetic systemic toxicity]] (Redirects: [[LAST]])<br /> *[[Malignant Hyperthermia]]<br /> *[[Oxygen failure]]<br /> *[[Pneumothorax]]<br /> *[[Power failure]]<br /> *[[Total spinal anesthesia]]<br /> *[[Transfusion reaction]]<br /> *[[Pulseless electrical activity]] (Redirects: [[PEA arrest]])<br /> *[[Supraventricular tachycardia (intraoperative emergency)]] (Redirects: [[SVT (intraoperative emergency)]])<br /> *[[Venous air embolism]] (Redirects: [[VAE]])<br /> *[[Ventricular fibrillation]] (Redirects: [[VF]], [[Vfib]])<br /> *[[Ventricular tachycardia]] (Redirects: [[Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia]], [[Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]], [[Torsades de pointes]], [[VT]], [[Vtach]])<br /> <br /> =Intraoperative monitoring=<br /> *[[Arterial blood pressure]] (Redirects: [[ABP]])<br /> *[[Capnography]] (Redirects: [[End-tidal CO2]], [[EtCO2]])<br /> *[[Central venous pressure]] (Redirects: [[CVP]])<br /> *[[Cerebral oximetry]] (Redirects: [[ScO2]])<br /> *[[Core temperature]]<br /> *[[Echocardiography]]<br /> **[[Transesophageal echocardiography]] (Redirects: [[TEE]])<br /> **[[Transthoracic echocardiography]] (Redirects: [[TTE]])<br /> *[[Electrocardiography]] (Redirects: [[5-lead electrocardiogram]], [[ECG]])<br /> *[[Electroencephalography]] (Redirects: [[BIS]], [[Bispectral index]], [[EEG]], [[Entropy monitoring]], [[Patient state index]], [[PSI]], [[SedLine]], [[Spectral edge frequency]])<br /> *[[Intracranial pressure]] (Redirects: [[ICP]])<br /> *[[Neuromonitoring]]<br /> **[[Brainstem auditory evoked potentials]] (Redirects: [[BAEPs]])<br /> **[[Motor evoked potentials]] (Redirects: [[MEPs]])<br /> **[[Somatosensory evoked potentials]] (Redirects: [[SSEPs]])<br /> **[[Visual evoked potentials]] (Redirects: [[VEPs]])<br /> *[[Pleth variability index]] (Redirects: [[PVI]])<br /> *[[Pulse oximetry]] (Redirects: [[Plethysmography]], [[SpO2]])<br /> *[[Pulse pressure variation]] (Redirects: [[PPV]])<br /> *[[Precordial doppler]]<br /> *[[Pulmonary artery pressure]] (Redirects: [[PAP]])<br /> *[[Peripheral IV]] (Redirects: [[IV]], [[Large bore IV]], [[PIV]])<br /> *[[Urine output]] (Redirects: [[UOP]])<br /> <br /> = Neuraxial and regional anesthesia =<br /> * [[Local anesthetics]]<br /> * [[Local anesthetic adjuvants]]<br /> * [[Local anesthetic toxicity]] (Redirects: [[LAST]])<br /> <br /> ==[[Neuraxial anesthesia]]==<br /> *[[Caudal anesthesia]]<br /> *[[Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia]] (Redirects: [[CSE]])<br /> *[[Epidural anesthesia]] (Redirects: [[Epidural]])<br /> **[[Lumbar epidural]]<br /> **[[Thoracic epidural]]<br /> *[[Post-dural-puncture headache]] (Redirects: [[PDPH]])<br /> *[[Spinal anesthesia]] (Redirects: [[Spinal]])<br /> *[[Total spinal anesthesia]]<br /> <br /> == [[Regional anesthesia]] ==<br /> * [[Bier block]]<br /> * [[Local anesthetics]]<br /> * [[Local anesthetic adjuvants]]<br /> <br /> === [[Head and neck nerve blocks]] ===<br /> * [[Blocks for awake tracheal intubation]]<br /> * [[Cervical plexus block]]<br /> * [[Scalp block]]<br /> <br /> === [[Upper extremity nerve blocks]] ===<br /> * [[Blocks at the elbow]]<br /> * [[Brachial plexus blocks]]<br /> ** [[Interscalene block]]<br /> ** [[Supraclavicular block]]<br /> ** [[Infraclavicular block]]<br /> ** [[Axillary block]]<br /> * [[Digital block]]<br /> * [[Wrist block]]<br /> <br /> === [[Thoracic and abdominal wall blocks]] ===<br /> * [[Intercostal nerve block]]<br /> * [[Pectoralis nerve block]]<br /> * [[Quadratus lumborum block]] (Redirects: [[QL block]])<br /> * [[Serratus plane block]]<br /> * [[Transversus abdominis plane block]] (Redirects: [[TAP block]])<br /> * [[Truncal block]] (Redirects: [[Iliohypogastric nerve block]], [[Ilioinguinal nerve block]], [[Rectus sheath block]])<br /> <br /> === [[Lower extremity nerve blocks]] ===<br /> * [[Ankle block]]<br /> * [[Fascia iliaca block]]<br /> * [[Femoral nerve block]]<br /> * [[Lumbar plexus block]]<br /> * [[Obturator nerve block]]<br /> * [[Popliteal nerve block]]<br /> * [[Saphenous nerve block]]<br /> * [[Sciatic nerve block]]<br /> <br /> = Pharmacology =<br /> * [[Equianalgesic]] (Redirects: [[MME]], [[Morphine milligram equivalent]])<br /> * [[Pharmacodynamics]]<br /> * [[Pharmacokinetics]]<br /> ** [[Blood-gas partition coefficient]]<br /> ** [[Context sensitive half-life]]<br /> ** [[Drug metabolism]]<br /> ** [[Elimination]]<br /> ** [[Ion trapping]]<br /> ** [[Redistribution]]<br /> *[[Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics]]<br /> **[[Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics#Definitions and history|Definitions and history]]<br /> **[[Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics#Therapeutic class concerns|Therapeutic class concerns]]<br /> **[[Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics#Pediatric considerations|Pediatric considerations]]<br /> **[[Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics#Clinical implications and cost|Clinical implications and costs]]<br /> **[[Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics#Terminology|Terminology]]<br /> <br /> == Drug reference ==<br /> === Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ===<br /> * [[Edrophonium]]<br /> * [[Neostigmine]] (Redirects: [[Bloxiverz]])<br /> * [[Physostigmine]]<br /> <br /> === [[Adrenergic receptor modulators]] ===<br /> Redirects: [[Alpha agonists]], [[Alpha antagonists]], [[Beta agonists]]<br /> * Alpha-1 agonists<br /> ** [[Ephedrine]]<br /> ** [[Epinephrine]] (Redirects: [[Adrenaline]])<br /> ** [[Norepinephrine]] (Redirects: [[Noradrenaline]])<br /> ** [[Phenylephrine]] (Redirects: [[Neosynephrine]])<br /> * Alpha-1 antagonists<br /> ** [[Labetalol]]<br /> ** [[Phenoxybenzamine]]<br /> ** [[Phentolamine]]<br /> * Alpha-2 agonists<br /> ** [[Clonidine]] (Redirects: [[Catapres]])<br /> ** [[Dexmedetomidine]] (Redirects: [[Precedex]])<br /> * Beta agonists<br /> ** Beta-1 selective agonists<br /> *** [[Dobutamine]]<br /> ** [[Ephedrine]]<br /> ** [[Epinephrine]]<br /> ** [[Isoprenaline]] (Redirects: [[Isoproterenol]])<br /> ** [[Norepinephrine]]<br /> * [[Beta blockers]] (Redirects: [[Beta antagonists]])<br /> ** Beta-1 selective antagonists<br /> *** [[Esmolol]] (Redirects: [[Brevibloc]])<br /> *** [[Metoprolol]]<br /> ** [[Labetalol]]<br /> <br /> === [[Analgesics]] ===<br /> * [[Acetaminophen]] (Redirects: [[Tylenol]])<br /> * [[Analgesic adjuvants]]<br /> ** [[Gabapentin]] (Redirects: [[Neurontin]])<br /> ** [[Ketamine]]<br /> ** [[Lidocaine]]<br /> ** [[Pregabalin]] (Redirects: [[Lyrica]])<br /> * [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (Redirects: [[NSAIDs]])<br /> ** [[Aspirin]] (Redirects: [[Acetylsalicylic acid]])<br /> ** [[Celecoxib]] (Redirects: [[Celebrex]])<br /> ** [[Ibuprofen]]<br /> ** [[Ketorolac]] (Redirects: [[Toradol]])<br /> * [[Opioid analgesics]]<br /> ** [[Alfentanil]]<br /> ** [[Buprenorphine]]<br /> ** [[Codeine]]<br /> ** [[Fentanyl]]<br /> ** [[Hydrocodone]]<br /> ** [[Hydromorphone]]<br /> ** [[Methadone]]<br /> ** [[Meperidine]]<br /> ** [[Morphine]]<br /> ** [[Oxycodone]]<br /> ** [[Remifentanil]]<br /> ** [[Sufentanil]]<br /> <br /> === [[Antibiotics]] ===<br /> * [[Cefazolin]] (Redirects: [[Ancef]], [[Kefzol]])<br /> * [[Clindamycin]] (Redirects: [[Cleocin]])<br /> * [[Vancomycin]]<br /> <br /> === Anticholinergics ===<br /> * [[Atropine]]<br /> * [[Glycopyrrolate]]<br /> <br /> === Antidotes ===<br /> * [[Andexanet alfa]] (Redirects: [[Andexxa]])<br /> * [[Atropine]]<br /> * [[Dantrolene]]<br /> * [[Flumazenil]]<br /> * [[Glucagon]]<br /> * [[Hydroxocobalamin]] (Redirects: [[Vitamin B12]])<br /> * [[Idarucizumab]] (Redirects: [[Praxbind]])<br /> * [[Methylene blue]] (Redirects: [[Methylthioninium chloride]])<br /> * [[Physostigmine]]<br /> * [[Naloxone]]<br /> * [[Protamine]]<br /> * [[Sugammadex]] (Redirects: [[Bridion]])<br /> <br /> === [[Antiemetics]] ===<br /> * [[Aprepitant]] (Redirects: [[Fosaprepitant]], [[Emend]])<br /> * [[Dexamethasone]]<br /> * [[Granisetron]] (Redirects: [[Kytril]])<br /> * [[Haloperidol]] (Redirects: [[Haldol]])<br /> * [[Metoclopramide]] (Redirects: [[Reglan]])<br /> * [[Ondansetron]] (Redirects: [[Zofran]])<br /> * [[Prochlorperazine]] (Redirects: [[Compazine]])<br /> * [[Promethazine]] (Redirects: [[Phenergan]])<br /> * [[Propofol]]<br /> * [[Scopolamine]] (Redirects: [[Hyoscine]])<br /> <br /> === Antifibrinolytics ===<br /> * [[Tranexamic acid]] (Redirects: [[TXA]])<br /> <br /> === Antihistamines ===<br /> * [[Diphenhydramine]] (Redirects: [[Benadryl]])<br /> * [[Famotidine]] (Redirects: [[Pepcid]])<br /> <br /> === Antithrombotics ===<br /> * Antiplatelet drugs<br /> ** [[Aspirin]]<br /> ** [[Clopidogrel]] (Redirects: [[Plavix]])<br /> ** [[Ticagrelor]] (Redirects: [[Brilinta]])<br /> * Anticoagulants<br /> ** [[Apixaban]] (Redirects: [[Eliquis]])<br /> ** [[Argatroban]]<br /> ** [[Dabigatran]] (Redirects: [[Pradaxa]])<br /> ** [[Fondaparinux]]<br /> ** [[Heparin]]<br /> ** [[Low-molecular-weight heparin]] (Redirects: [[Enoxaparin]], [[Lovenox]], [[LMWH]])<br /> ** [[Rivaroxaban]] (Redirects: [[Xarelto]])<br /> ** [[Warfarin]] (Redirects: [[Coumadin]])<br /> * Thrombolytics<br /> ** [[Tissue plasminogen activator]] (Redirects: [[Alteplase]], [[tPA]])<br /> ** [[Streptokinase]]<br /> <br /> === Anxiolytics ===<br /> * [[Diazepam]]<br /> * [[Lorazepam]]<br /> * [[Midazolam]]<br /> <br /> === Benzodiazepines ===<br /> * [[Diazepam]] (Redirects: [[Valium]])<br /> * [[Flumazenil]]<br /> * [[Lorazepam]] (Redirects: [[Ativan]])<br /> * [[Midazolam]] (Redirects: [[Versed]])<br /> <br /> === [[Chronotropes]] ===<br /> Redirects: [[Negative chronotropes]], [[Positive chronotropes]]<br /> * Negative chronotropes<br /> ** [[Adenosine]]<br /> ** [[Beta blockers]]<br /> *** [[Esmolol]]<br /> *** [[Labetalol]]<br /> *** [[Metoprolol]]<br /> * Positive chronotropes<br /> ** [[Atropine]]<br /> ** [[Dobutamine]]<br /> ** [[Dopamine]]<br /> ** [[Ephedrine]]<br /> ** [[Epinephrine]]<br /> ** [[Glycopyrrolate]]<br /> ** [[Isoprenaline]]<br /> ** [[Milrinone]]<br /> ** [[Norepinephrine]]<br /> <br /> * Electrolytes<br /> ** [[Calcium chloride]]<br /> ** [[Calcium gluconate]]<br /> ** [[Magnesium sulfate]]<br /> ** [[Potassium chloride]]<br /> <br /> === Diuretics ===<br /> <br /> * [[Furosemide]]<br /> * [[Mannitol]]<br /> <br /> === [[General anesthetics]] ===<br /> * [[Inhalational anesthestics]] (Redirects: [[Volatile anesthetics]])<br /> ** [[Chloroethane]] (Redirects: [[Ethyl chloride]])<br /> ** [[Chloroform]]<br /> ** [[Cyclopropane]]<br /> ** [[Desflurane]] (Redirects: [[Suprane]])<br /> ** [[Diethyl ether]] (Redirects: [[Ether]])<br /> ** [[Enflurane]]<br /> ** [[Halothane]] (Redirects: [[Fluothane]])<br /> ** [[Isoflurane]] (Redirects: [[Forane]])<br /> ** [[Methoxyflurane]]<br /> ** [[Nitrous oxide]]<br /> ** [[Sevoflurane]] (Redirects: [[Ultane]])<br /> ** [[Xenon]]<br /> * [[Intravenous anesthetics]]<br /> ** [[Etomidate]] (Redirects: [[Amidate]])<br /> ** [[Ketamine]] (Redirects: [[Esketamine]], [[Ketalar]])<br /> ** [[Methohexital]] (Redirects: [[Brevital]])<br /> ** [[Propofol]] (Redirects: [[Diprivan]])<br /> ** [[Thiopental]] (Redirects: [[Sodium pentothal]])<br /> <br /> === Imaging dyes ===<br /> * [[Fluorescein]]<br /> * [[Indocyanine green]]<br /> * [[Methylene blue]] (Redirects: [[Methylthioninium chloride]])<br /> <br /> === [[Inodilators]] ===<br /> * [[Dobutamine]]<br /> * [[Milrinone]] (Redirects: [[Primacor]])<br /> <br /> === [[Inotropes]] ===<br /> Redirects: [[Negative inotropes]], [[Positive inotropes]]<br /> * Negative inotropes<br /> ** [[Beta blockers]]<br /> * Positive inotropes<br /> ** [[Calcium chloride]]<br /> ** [[Calcium gluconate]]<br /> ** [[Dobutamine]]<br /> ** [[Dopamine]]<br /> ** [[Ephedrine]]<br /> ** [[Epinephrine]]<br /> ** [[Isoprenaline]]<br /> ** [[Milrinone]]<br /> ** [[Norepinephrine]]<br /> <br /> === [[Intravenous fluids]] ===<br /> * [[Albumin]]<br /> * [[Hetastarch]] (Redirects: [[Hydroxyethyl starch]])<br /> * [[Intravenous sugar solution]] (Redirects: [[D5]], [[D50]], [[D5W]], [[D5NS]], [[D5LR]])<br /> * [[Normal saline]] (Redirects: [[NS]])<br /> * [[Lactated Ringer's]] (Redirects: [[LR]])<br /> * [[Normosol]]<br /> * [[Plasma-lyte]]<br /> * [[Sodium bicarbonate]]<br /> <br /> === [[Local anesthetics]] ===<br /> * [[Benzocaine]]<br /> * [[Bupivacaine]] (Redirects: [[Marcaine]])<br /> * [[Chloroprocaine]] (Redirects: [[Nesacaine]])<br /> * [[Procaine]] (Redirects: [[Novocain]], [[Novocaine]])<br /> * [[Lidocaine]] (Redirects: [[Xylocaine]])<br /> * [[Mepivacaine]] (Redirects: [[Carbocaine]])<br /> * [[Ropivacaine]] (Redirects: [[Naropin]])<br /> * [[Tetracaine]]<br /> <br /> === [[Local anesthetic adjuvants]] ===<br /> * [[Clonidine]]<br /> * [[Epinephrine]]<br /> * [[Fentanyl]]<br /> * [[Hydromorphone]]<br /> * [[Ketamine]]<br /> * [[Midazolam]]<br /> * [[Morphine]]<br /> * [[Neostigmine]]<br /> * [[Sufentanil]]<br /> * [[Sodium bicarbonate]]<br /> <br /> === [[Neuromuscular blockers]] ===<br /> * [[Cisatracurium]] (Redirects: [[Nimbex]])<br /> * [[Mivacurium]]<br /> * [[Rocuronium]] (Redirects: [[Zemuron]])<br /> * [[Succinylcholine]] (Redirects: [[Anectine]])<br /> * [[Vecuronium]]<br /> <br /> === [[Opioids]] ===<br /> * [[Opioid analgesics]]<br /> ** Opium alkaloids and derivatives<br /> *** [[Buprenorphine]] (Redirects: [[Subutex]])<br /> *** [[Codeine]]<br /> *** [[Hydrocodone]] (Redirects: [[Vicodin]])<br /> *** [[Hydromorphone]] (Redirects: [[Dilaudid]])<br /> *** [[Morphine]]<br /> *** [[Oxycodone]] (Redirects: [[Oxycontin]], [[Roxicodone]])<br /> ** Synthetic opioids<br /> *** [[Alfentanil]] (Redirects: [[Alfenta]])<br /> *** [[Fentanyl]] (Redirects: [[Sublimaze]])<br /> *** [[Methadone]]<br /> *** [[Meperidine]] (Redirects: [[Demerol]], [[Pethidine]])<br /> *** [[Remifentanil]] (Redirects: [[Ultiva]])<br /> *** [[Sufentanil]] (Redirects: [[Sufenta]])<br /> ** [[Tramadol]] (Redirects: [[Ultram]])<br /> * Opioid antagonists<br /> ** [[Naloxone]] (Redirects: [[Narcan]])<br /> ** [[Naltrexone]]<br /> * [[Buprenorphine/naltrexone]] (Redirects: [[Suboxone]])<br /> <br /> === [[Sedative hypnotics]] ===<br /> * [[Dexmedetomidine]]<br /> * [[Etomidate]]<br /> * [[Ketamine]]<br /> * [[Methohexital]]<br /> * [[Midazolam]]<br /> * [[Propofol]]<br /> * [[Thiopental]]<br /> <br /> === Steroids ===<br /> * [[Dexamethasone]] (Redirects: [[Decadron]])<br /> * [[Hydrocortisone]]<br /> <br /> === [[Uterotonics]] ===<br /> * [[Carboprost]] (Redirects: [[Hemabate]])<br /> * [[Methylergometrine]] (Redirects: [[Methergine]], [[Methylergonovine]])<br /> * [[Misoprostol]] (Redirects: [[Cytotec]])<br /> * [[Oxytocin]] (Redirects: [[Pitocin]])<br /> <br /> === [[Vasodilators]] ===<br /> * Calcium channel blockers<br /> ** [[Clevidipine]] (Redirects: [[Cleviprex]])<br /> ** [[Nicardipine]] (Redirects: [[Cardene]])<br /> ** [[Nimodipine]] (Redirects: [[Nimotop]])<br /> * Nitrovasodilators<br /> ** [[Nitric oxide]] (Redirects: [[NO]])<br /> ** [[Nitroglycerin]]<br /> ** [[Nitroprusside]] (Redirects: [[Nipride]], [[SNP]], [[Sodium nitroprusside]])<br /> * Pulmonary vasodilators<br /> ** [[Nitric oxide]] (Redirects: [[NO]])<br /> ** [[Epoprostenol]] (Redirects: [[Flolan]], [[Prostacyclin]], [[Prostaglandin I2]])<br /> * [[Dobutamine]]<br /> * [[Fenoldopam]] (Redirects: [[Corlopam]])<br /> * [[Hydralazine]]<br /> * [[Milrinone]]<br /> * [[Sildenafil]] (Redirects: [[Revatio]], [[Viagra]])<br /> <br /> === [[Vasoconstrictors]] ===<br /> * [[Ephedrine]]<br /> * [[Epinephrine]]<br /> * [[Phenylephrine]]<br /> * [[Norepinephrine]]<br /> * [[Dopamine]]<br /> * [[Vasopressin]] (Redirects: [[Vasostrict]])<br /> <br /> === Other drugs ===<br /> * [[Octreotide]]<br /> <br /> =[[:Category:Transfusion medicine|Transfusion medicine]]=<br /> ==[[:Category:Blood products|Blood products]]==<br /> *[[Packed red blood cells|Packed red blood cells (pRBCs)]]<br /> *[[Fresh frozen plasma|Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)]]<br /> *[[Platelets]]<br /> *[[Cryoprecipitate]]<br /> <br /> =Procedures in anesthesia =<br /> *[[Airway procedures]]<br /> *[[Neuraxial anesthesia]]<br /> *[[Regional anesthesia]]<br /> *Vascular access procedures<br /> **[[Arterial line]]<br /> **Central line<br /> ***[[Central venous catheter|Central venous catheter (CVC)]]<br /> ***[[Introducer sheath|Introducer sheath (Cordis)]]<br /> ***[[Peripherally inserted central catheter|Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)]]<br /> **[[Peripheral IV|Peripheral IV (PIV)]]<br /> **Midline Catheter<br /> **[[Microintroducer]]<br /> **[[Rapid infusion catheter|Rapid infusion catheter (RIC)]]<br /> <br /> =[[Subspecialties in anesthesia]]=<br /> *[[Cardiothoracic anesthesia]]<br /> *[[Critical care medicine]]<br /> *[[Neuroanesthesia]]<br /> *[[Obstetric anesthesia]]<br /> *[[Pain medicine]]<br /> *[[Pediatric anesthesia]]<br /> *[[Pediatric cardiac anesthesia]]<br /> *[[Perioperative medicine]]<br /> *[[Regional anesthesia and acute pain]]<br /> *[[Transplant anesthesia]]</div>

Richardpboyd https://wikianesthesia.org/w/index.php?title=Table_of_contents&diff=14315 2022-11-10T13:34:53Z

<p>Richardpboyd: Added &quot;Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics&quot; to the sub-contents of the pharmacology section (kindly request that you link the accompanying article-- thank you)</p> <hr /> <div>The '''table of contents''' is a non-comprehensive list of articles the editors of WikiAnesthesia feel should exist and will continuously evolve as the site grows from contributions from the anesthesia community.<br /> <br /> Links which are '''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#337AB7&quot;&gt;blue&lt;/span&gt;''' already exist on the wiki (but would surely benefit from additions and revisions). Links which are '''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#9B1B2F&quot;&gt;red&lt;/span&gt;''' do not currently exist as articles on the site. Articles may exist in more than one location in the table of contents.<br /> <br /> Please see our '''[[WikiAnesthesia:Author guide|author guide]]''' for instructions on how to start editing content on the site.<br /> <br /> If you add a new article which is not currently listed but has a natural place in the table of contents, please edit this list to include it. We kindly ask that you do not make major changes to the table of contents before running it by an [{{fullurl:Special:ListUsers|group=editor}} editor] first.<br /> =[[:Category:Surgical procedures|Surgical procedures]]=<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Cardiac surgery|Cardiac surgery]]==<br /> *[[Aortic procedures]]<br /> **[[Aortic aneurysm repair|Aortic aneurysm repair (AAA)]]<br /> **[[Aortoplasty for supravalvular stenosis]]<br /> **[[Repair of aortic aneurysm with graft]]<br /> *[[Circulatory assist procedures]]<br /> **[[Cardiopulmonary bypass|Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)]]<br /> **[[Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)]]<br /> **[[Insertion of ventricular assist device]] (Redirects: [[LVAD]], [[RVAD]], [[BiVAD]])<br /> **[[Insertion of permanently implantable aortic counterpulsation ventricular assist device|Insertion of permanently implantable aortic counterpulsation ventricular assist device (VAD)]]<br /> **[[Insertion of percutaneous ventricular assist device|Insertion of percutaneous ventricular assist device (pVAD)]]<br /> **[[Implantation of total replacement heart system]]<br /> *[[Electrophysiology procedures]]<br /> **[[Insertion of pacemaker or ICD]]<br /> **[[Intracardiac catheter ablation for the treatment of arrhythmia]]<br /> **[[Loop recorder implantation]]<br /> *[[Myocardial procedures]]<br /> **[[Excision of intracardiac tumor]]<br /> **[[Ventriculomyotomy]]<br /> **[[Ventricular aneurysmectomy]]<br /> *[[Cardiac revascularization procedures]]<br /> **[[Coronary artery bypass graft|Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)]]<br /> **[[Off-pump and minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting|Off-pump and minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB)]]<br /> **[[Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty|Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)]]<br /> **[[Transmyocardial laser revascularization]]<br /> **[[Coronary endarterectomy]]<br /> *[[Pericardial procedures]]<br /> **[[Pericardiocentesis]]<br /> **[[Pericardiectomy]]<br /> *[[Septal procedures]]<br /> **[[Septal myectomy/myotomy]]<br /> **[[Transcatheter closure of ASD or VSD]]<br /> **[[Open repair of ASD or VSD]]<br /> *Transplant procedures<br /> **[[Heart transplant]]<br /> **[[Heart-lung transplant]]<br /> **[[Lung transplant]] (Redirect: [[BOLT]])<br /> *[[Valvular procedures]]<br /> **[[Transcatheter aortic valve replacement|Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)]]<br /> **[[Transcatheter mitral valve replacement|Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR)]]<br /> **[[Aortic valve repair or replacement|Aortic valve repair or replacement (AVR)]]<br /> **[[Mitral valve repair or replacement|Mitral valve repair or replacement (MVR)]]<br /> **[[Tricuspid valve repair or replacement]]<br /> **[[Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:General surgery|General surgery]]==<br /> *[[Biliary tract surgery]]<br /> **[[Cholecystectomy]]<br /> **[[Excision of bile duct tumor]]<br /> **[[Choledochal cyst excision or anastomosis]]<br /> **[[Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage]]<br /> **[[Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography]]<br /> **[[Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography]]<br /> *[[Breast surgery]]<br /> **[[Mastectomy]]<br /> **[[Breast biopsy]]<br /> **[[Breast lumpectomy]]<br /> **[[Sentinel lymph node biopsy]]<br /> *[[Colorectal surgery]]<br /> **[[Anorectal surgery]]<br /> ***[[Hemorrhoidectomy]]<br /> ***[[Lateral internal sphincterotomy]]<br /> ***[[Incision and drainage of perianal abscess]]<br /> ***[[High resolution anoscopy|High resolution anoscopy (HRA)]]<br /> ***[[Sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence]]<br /> **[[Colectomy]]<br /> **[[Pelvic exenteration]]<br /> **[[Proctectomy]]<br /> **[[Rectal prolapse surgery]]<br /> ***[[Mucosal sleeve resection|Mucosal sleeve resection (Delorme Procedure)]]<br /> ***[[Perineal rectosigmoidectomy]]<br /> ***[[Rectopexy]]<br /> *[[Endocrine surgery]]<br /> **[[Adrenalectomy]]<br /> ***[[Excision of pheochromocytoma]]<br /> **[[Thyroidectomy]]<br /> **[[Parathyroidectomy]]<br /> *[[Esophageal surgery]]<br /> **[[Cervical esophagostomy]]<br /> **[[Esophagectomy]]<br /> ***[[Thoracoabdominal esophagectomy]]<br /> ***[[Minimally invasive esophagectomy]]<br /> ***[[Transhiatal esophagectomy]]<br /> ***[[Ivor Lewis esophagectomy]]<br /> ***[[McKeown esophagectomy]]<br /> **[[Esophageal diverticulectomy]]<br /> ***[[Zenker's divericulectomy]]<br /> **[[Esophagomyotomy]]<br /> ***[[Heller myotomy]]<br /> **[[Esophagastric fundoplication]]<br /> ***[[Nissen fundoplication]]<br /> ***[[Belsey Mark fundoplication]]<br /> **[[Surgical repair of esophageal perforation or rupture]]<br /> *[[Hepatic surgery]]<br /> **[[Hepatic resection]]<br /> **[[Hepatorrhaphy]]<br /> **[[Liver transplant]]<br /> ***[[Veno-Venous Bypass]]<br /> *[[Intestinal surgery]] <br /> **[[Appendectomy]]<br /> **[[Closure of enteric fistula]]<br /> **[[Duodenotomy]]<br /> **[[Enterolysis procedure|Enterolysis procedure (Lysis of adhesions)]]<br /> **[[Inguinal hernia repair]]<br /> **[[Meckel's diverticulectomy]]<br /> **[[Ostomy procedure]]<br /> **[[Small bowel resection]]<br /> **[[Ventral hernia repair]]<br /> *[[Pancreatic surgery]]<br /> **[[Pancreatectomy]]<br /> **[[Pancreaticoduodenectomy|Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure)]]<br /> *[[Splenic surgery]]<br /> **[[Splenectomy]]<br /> **[[Splenorrhaphy|Splenorrhaphy (Repair of ruptured spleen)]]<br /> *[[Stomach surgery]]<br /> **[[Gastric resection|Gastric resection (Gastrectomy)]]<br /> **[[Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy|Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)]]<br /> **[[Gastric or duodenal perforation repair]]<br /> **[[Bariatric surgery]]<br /> ***[[Gastric bypass surgery]]<br /> ****[[Roux-en-Y gastric bypass]]<br /> ****[[Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch|Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS)]]<br /> ***[[Gastric restrictive surgery]]<br /> ****[[Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding]]<br /> ****[[Open vertical sleeve gastrectomy]]<br /> *[[Trauma surgery]]<br /> *[[Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy surgery|Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy surgery (HIPEC)]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Interventional radiology procedures|Interventional radiology procedures]]==<br /> *[[Superior vena cava recanalization]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Oral and maxillofacial surgery|Oral and maxillofacial surgery]]==<br /> *[[Dental extraction]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Neurosurgery|Neurosurgery]]==<br /> *[[Functional neurosurgery]]<br /> **[[Deep brain stimulation|Deep brain stimulation (DBS)]]<br /> **[[Percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy]]<br /> **[[Vagus nerve stimulation|Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)]]<br /> **[[Responsive neurostimulation|Responsive neurostimulation (RNS)]]<br /> *[[Intracranial neurosurgery]]<br /> **[[Awake craniotomy|Awake craniotomy]]<br /> **[[Bifrontal craniotomy for CSF leak]]<br /> **[[Craniocervical decompression]]<br /> **[[Craniotomy for cerebral embolectomy]]<br /> **[[Craniotomy for decompression of cranial nerves]]<br /> **[[Craniotomy for extracranial-intracranial revascularization|Craniotomy for extracranial-intracranial revascularization (EC-IC bypass)]]<br /> **[[Craniotomy for intracranial aneurysm]]<br /> **[[Craniotomy for intracranial vascular malformations]]<br /> **[[Craniotomy for resection of epileptogenic focus]]<br /> **[[Craniotomy for trauma]]<br /> **[[Craniotomy for tumor resection]]<br /> **[[Transphenoidal resection of pituitary tumor]]<br /> *[[Spinal neurosurgery]]<br /> **[[Anterior cervical spine surgery]]<br /> **[[Posterior cervical spine surgery]]<br /> **[[Anterior thoracic spine surgery]]<br /> **[[Posterior thoracic spine surgery]]<br /> **[[Anterior lumbar/lumbosacral spine surgery]]<br /> **[[Posterior lumbar/lumbosacral spine surgery]]<br /> *[[CSF aspiration, diversion, or shunt procedures]]<br /> **[[Ventriculocisternostomy|Ventriculocisternostomy (Torkildsen shunt)]]<br /> **[[Ventriculoperitoneal shunt|Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VP shunt)]]<br /> **[[Ventriculoatrial shunt|Ventriculoatrial shunt (VA shunt)]]<br /> *[[Carotid endarterectomy|Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)]]<br /> *Neuro interventional radiology procedures<br /> **[[Cerebral angiogram]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Obstetric and gynecologic surgery|Obstetric and gynecologic surgery]]==<br /> *[[Cesarean section]]<br /> *[[Dilation and curettage|Dilation and curettage (D&amp;C)]]<br /> *[[Endometrial ablation]]<br /> *[[Hysterectomy|Hysterectomy (TAH)]]<br /> *[[Hysteroscopy]]<br /> *[[Myomectomy|Myomectomy (Fibroidectomy)]]<br /> *[[Oophorectomy|Oophorectomy (BSO)]]<br /> *[[Ovarian torsion surgery]]<br /> *[[Pelvic exenteration]]<br /> *[[Tubal ligation]]<br /> *[[Vaginectomy]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Ophthalmology|Ophthalmology]]==<br /> *[[Cataract surgery|Cataract surgery]]<br /> *[[Corneal transplant]]<br /> *[[Traveculectomy]]<br /> *[[Ectropion repair]]<br /> *[[Entropion repair]]<br /> *[[Ptosis repair]]<br /> *[[Eyelid reconstruction]]<br /> *[[Pterygium excision]]<br /> *[[Repair of ruptured of lacerated globe]]<br /> *[[Dacryocystorhinostomy|Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)]]<br /> *[[Enucleation]]<br /> *[[Orbitotomy]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedic surgery]]==<br /> *[[Foot and ankle surgery]]<br /> *[[Hand surgery]]<br /> **[[Hand or digit replantation]]<br /> **[[Carpal tunnel release]]<br /> **[[Fixation of fractures and dislocations of the wrist and hand]]<br /> **[[Wrist arthroscopy]]<br /> **[[Darrach procedure]]<br /> **[[Arthrodesis of the wrist]]<br /> **[[Excision of ganglion of the wrist]]<br /> **[[Palmar and digital fasciectomy]]<br /> **[[Repair of laceracted nerves/tendons of the hand]]<br /> *[[Hip surgery]]<br /> **[[Hip arthroplasty|Hip arthroplasty (THA)]]<br /> *[[Lower leg surgery]]<br /> **[[Open reduction and interal fixation of the tibial plateau fracture]]<br /> *[[Joint replacement surgery]]<br /> **[[Hip arthroplasty|Hip arthroplasty (THA)]]<br /> **[[Knee arthroplasty|Knee arthroplasty (TKA)]]<br /> **[[Shoulder arthroplasty|Shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)]]<br /> *[[Knee surgery]]<br /> **[[Knee arthroplasty|Knee arthroplasty (TKA)]]<br /> *[[Orthopedic oncology surgery]]<br /> *[[Shoulder surgery]]<br /> **[[Shoulder arthroplasty|Shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)]]<br /> *[[Spine surgery]]<br /> *[[Sports surgery]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Otolaryngology|Otolaryngology]]==<br /> *Airway procedures<br /> **[[Bronchoscopy]]<br /> **[[Deep extubation]]<br /> **[[Laryngoscopy]]<br /> *[[Ear, audiovestibular, and temporal bone procedures]]<br /> **[[Cochlear implant surgery]]<br /> **[[Tympanoplasty and/or mastoidectomy]]<br /> *[[Esophageal surgery]]<br /> **[[Esophageal diverticulectomy]]<br /> **[[Esophagoscopy]]<br /> *[[Jaw surgery]]<br /> **[[Maxillary and mandibular osteotomy]]<br /> **[[Temporomandibular joint surgery]]<br /> *[[Pharyngeal surgery]]<br /> **[[Glossectomy]]<br /> **[[Tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy]]<br /> *[[Nasal surgery]]<br /> **[[Rhinectomy]]<br /> **[[Rhinoplasty and/or septoplasty]]<br /> *[[Neck surgery]]<br /> **[[Brachial cleft cyst excision]]<br /> **[[Cricothyroidotomy]]<br /> **[[Laryngectomy]]<br /> **[[Laryngoplasty]]<br /> **[[Lymph node biopsy]]<br /> **[[Platysmaplasty|Platysmaplasty (Neck lift)]]<br /> **[[Submandibular gland excision]]<br /> **[[Thyroid radiofrequency ablation]]<br /> **[[Tracheal resection]]<br /> **[[Tracheotomy]]<br /> *[[Salivary and parotid surgery]]<br /> **[[Parotidectomy]]<br /> *[[Sinus surgery]]<br /> **[[Functional endoscopic sinus surgery|Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)]]<br /> **[[Maxillectomy]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Pediatric surgery|Pediatric surgery]]==<br /> *[[Pediatric cardiac surgery]]<br /> **[[Anastomosis of pulmonary artery to aorta]] (Redirects: [[Damus-Kaye-Stan procedure]])<br /> **[[Ascending aorta to pulmonary artery shunt]] (Redirects: [[Waterson shunt]])<br /> **[[Banding of pulmonary artery]]<br /> **[[Descending aorta to pulmonary artery shunt]] (Redirects: [[Potts-Smith shunt]])<br /> **[[Excision of coarctation of aorta]]<br /> **[[Repair of pulmonary venous stenosis]]<br /> **[[Repair of anomalous pulmonary venous return]]<br /> **[[Repair of hypoplastic or interrupted aortic arch]]<br /> **[[Repair of transposition of the great arteries]]<br /> **[[Repair of truncus arteriosus]] (Redirects: [[Rastelli procedure]])<br /> **[[Repair of patent ductus arteriosus]]<br /> **[[Subclavian to pulmonary artery shunt]] (Redirects: [[Blalock-Taussig shunt]])<br /> **[[Superior vena cava to pulmonary artery]] (Redirects: [[Glenn procedure]])<br /> **Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation <br /> **Cardiac Catheterization <br /> *[[Pyloromyotomy]]<br /> *[[Pediatric neurosurgery]]<br /> *[[Pediatric otorhinolaryngology]]<br /> **[[Myringotomy for ear tubes]]<br /> *[[Pediatric urology]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Plastic and reconstructive surgery|Plastic and reconstructive surgery]]==<br /> *[[Burn surgery]]<br /> **[[Burn wound debridement]]<br /> **[[Burn wound skin grafting]]<br /> **[[Burn wound scar revision]]<br /> **[[Laser treatment for burn scar]]<br /> *[[Panniculectomy]]<br /> *[[Platysmaplasty|Platysmaplasty (Neck lift)]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Thoracic surgery|Thoracic surgery]]==<br /> *[[Bronchopulmonary lavage]]<br /> *[[Chest wall resection]]<br /> *[[Diaphragmatic plication]]<br /> *[[Drainage of empyema]]<br /> *[[Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration]] (Redirects: [[EBUS-TBNA]])<br /> *[[Lobectomy]] (Redirects: [[Wedge resection]])<br /> *[[Lung volume reduction surgery]]<br /> *[[Mediastinal tumor resection]]<br /> *[[Mediastinoscopy]]<br /> *[[Surgery for pleural mesothelioma|Pleural mesothelioma]]<br /> *[[Pneumonectomy]]<br /> *[[Repair of pectus excavatum or carinatum]]<br /> *[[Thoracoplasty]]<br /> *[[Thymectomy]]<br /> *[[Tracheal resection]]<br /> *[[Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery]] (Redirects: [[VATS]])<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Vascular surgery|Vascular surgery]]==<br /> *[[Arteriovenous access for hemodialysis]]<br /> *[[Carotid endarterectomy|Carotid endarterectomy (CEA)]]<br /> *[[Endovascular aortic repair|Endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR)]]<br /> *[[Infrainguinal arterial bypass]]<br /> *[[Lumbar sympathectomy]]<br /> *[[Permanent vascular access]]<br /> *[[Thoracic outlet syndrome surgery]]<br /> *[[Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts|Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS)]]<br /> *[[Varicose vein stripping and ablation]]<br /> *[[Femoral artery endarterectomy]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Urology|Urology]]==<br /> *[[Brachytherapy]]<br /> *[[Circumcision]]<br /> *[[Cystectomy]]<br /> *[[Cystoscopy]]<br /> *[[Hypospadias repair]]<br /> *[[Kidney transplant]]<br /> *[[Lithotripsy]]<br /> *[[Nephrectomy]]<br /> *[[Nephrostomy]]<br /> *[[Orchiectomy]]<br /> *[[Penectomy]]<br /> *[[Percutaneous nephrolithotomy or nephrolithotripsy]]<br /> *[[Prostatectomy|Prostatectomy (TURP)]]<br /> *[[Pelvic exenteration]]<br /> *[[Suprapubic cystostomy]]<br /> *[[Transurethral resection of bladder tumor|Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Out-of-operating room procedures|Out-of-operating room procedures]]==<br /> *[[Cardioversion]]<br /> *[[Electroconvulsive therapy|Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)]]<br /> *[[Gastroenterology procedures]]<br /> **[[Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography|Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)]]<br /> **[[Colonoscopy]]<br /> **[[Upper GI endoscopy|Upper GI endoscopy (EGD)]]<br /> <br /> =[[Airway management]]=<br /> *[[Airway anatomy]]<br /> *[[Airway assessment]]<br /> *[[Aspiration under anesthesia]]<br /> *[[Cormack-Lehane grading system]]<br /> *[[Deep extubation]]<br /> *[[Difficult airway algorithm]]<br /> *[[Endobronchial intubation]] (Redirects: [[Mainstem intubation]])<br /> *[[Mallampati score]]<br /> *[[One-lung ventilation]]<br /> **[[Bronchial blocker]]<br /> **[[Double-lumen endotracheal tube]]<br /> *[[Pediatric airway management]]<br /> *[[Preoxygenation]]<br /> *[[Transtracheal ventilation]]<br /> <br /> ==[[Airway equipment]]==<br /> *[[Bougie]]<br /> *[[Breathing circuits]] (Redirects: [[Ayre's T-piece]], [[Bain system]], [[Jackson-Rees]], [[Lack system]], [[Magill system]], [[Mapleson A]], [[Mapleson B]], [[Mapleson C]], [[Mapleson D]], [[Mapleson E]], [[Mapleson F]], [[Waters bag]])<br /> *[[Bronchial blocker]]<br /> *Endotracheal tubes<br /> **[[Double-lumen endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[DLT]], [[Double-lumen endobronchial tube]])<br /> **[[Endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[ETT]])<br /> **[[Electromyographic endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[EMG ETT]], [[NIM EMG ETT]])<br /> **[[Laser-resistant endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[Laser ETT]])<br /> **[[Microlaryngeal endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[Microlaryngoscopy tube]], [[MLT]])<br /> **[[Reinforced endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[Armored endotracheal tube]], [[Wire-reinforced endotracheal tube]])<br /> **[[Ring-Adair-Elwyn endotracheal tube]] (Redirects: [[Nasal RAE ETT]], [[Oral RAE ETT]], [[RAE ETT]])<br /> *Laryngoscope blades<br /> **[[Macintosh laryngoscope blade]] (Redirects: [[MAC]])<br /> **[[Miller laryngoscope blade]] (Redirects: [[Miller]])<br /> **[[Wis-Hipple laryngoscope blade]] (Redirects: [[Miller]])<br /> *[[Lighted stylet]] (Redirects: [[Lightwand]])<br /> *[[Magill forceps]]<br /> *Noninvasive ventilation<br /> **[[Bag valve mask]] (Redirects: [[Ambu bag]], [[BVM]])<br /> **[[Nasal cannula]]<br /> **[[Non-rebreather mask]]<br /> **[[High-flow nasal cannula]] (Redirects: [[HFNC]])<br /> *Supraglottic airways<br /> **[[Combitube]] (Redirects: [[Esophageal-tracheal double-lumen tube]])<br /> **[[Laryngeal tube]] (Redirects: [[King LT]])<br /> **[[Nasopharyngeal airway]] (Redirects: [[Nasal airway]])<br /> **[[Oropharyngeal airway]] (Redirects: [[Oral airway]])<br /> **Laryngeal mask airways<br /> ***[[Laryngeal mask airway]] (Redirects: [[LMA]])<br /> ***[[LMA Fastrach]] (Redirects: [[Intubating LMA]])<br /> ***[[LMA ProSeal]]<br /> ***[[LMA Unique]]<br /> ***[[LMA Supreme]]<br /> ***[[I-gel LMA]] (Redirects: [[IGel LMA]])<br /> *[[Video laryngoscopes]]<br /> **[[C-Mac]]<br /> **[[Glidescope]]<br /> *[[Yankauer suction tip]]<br /> <br /> ==[[:Category:Airway procedures|Airway procedures]]==<br /> *[[Cricothyrotomy]] (Redirects: [[Cric]], [[Crike]], [[Thyrocricotomy]], [[Cricothyroidotomy]], [[Needle cricothyrotomy]])<br /> *[[Endotracheal intubation]] (Redirects: [[Intubation]])<br /> **[[Asleep fiberoptic intubation]]<br /> **[[Awake fiberoptic intubation]]<br /> **[[Nasal intubation]]<br /> **[[Oral intubation]]<br /> **[[Retrograde intubation]]<br /> *[[Laryngoscopy]]<br /> **[[Direct laryngoscopy]] (Redirects: [[DL]])<br /> **[[Indirect laryngoscopy]] (Redirects: [[Fiberoptic laryngoscopy]], [[VL]], [[Video laryngoscopy]])<br /> *[[Tracheotomy]] (Redirects: [[Tracheostomy]])<br /> <br /> =Anatomy and physiology=<br /> *[[Acid-base homeostasis]]<br /> *[[Cerebral physiology]]<br /> *[[Consciousness]]<br /> *[[Cardiovascular anatomy and physiology]]<br /> *[[Gastrointestinal physiology]]<br /> *[[Hematology]]<br /> * [[Hepatic physiology]]<br /> * [[Renal physiology]]<br /> * [[Respiratory physiology]]<br /> <br /> = [[:Category:Comorbidities|Comorbidities]] =<br /> <br /> == [[Acid-base disorders]] ==<br /> * [[Metabolic acidosis]] (Redirects: [[Anion gap metabolic acidosis]], [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[DKA]], [[High anion gap metabolic acidosis]], [[Hyperchloremic acidosis]], [[Ketoacidosis]], [[Lactic acidosis]], [[Nongap metabolic acidosis]], [[Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis]], [[Renal tubular acidosis]], [[RTA]])<br /> * [[Metabolic alkalosis]] (Redirects: [[Contraction alkalosis]])<br /> * [[Respiratory acidosis]]<br /> * [[Respiratory alkalosis]]<br /> <br /> == Cardiovascular disorders ==<br /> * [[Acute coronary syndrome]] (Redirects: [[MI]], [[Myocardial infarction]], [[Myocardial ischemia]], [[Unstable angina]])<br /> * [[Angina pectoris]] (Redirects: [[Prinzmetal's angina]], [[Stable angina]])<br /> * [[Aortic aneurysm]]<br /> * [[Aortic dissection]] (Redirects: [[Type A dissection]], [[Type B dissection]])<br /> * [[Aortic rupture]]<br /> * [[Arteriovenous malformation]] (Redirects: [[AVM]], [[Cerebral arteriovenous malformation]], [[Cerebral AVM]])<br /> * [[Brugada syndrome]]<br /> * [[Cardiac arrhythmias]]<br /> ** [[Asystole]]<br /> ** [[Atrial fibrillation]] (Redirects: [[Afib]])<br /> ** [[Atrial flutter]] (Redirects: [[Aflutter]])<br /> ** [[Bradycardia]] (Redirects: [[Sinus bradycardia]])<br /> ** [[Drug-induced QT prolongation]] (Redirects: [[QT prolongation]])<br /> ** [[Junctional rhythm]]<br /> ** [[Long QT syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Romano-Ward syndrome]])<br /> ** [[Pulseless electrical activity]] (Redirects: [[PEA]])<br /> ** [[Sick sinus syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome]])<br /> ** [[Ventricular fibrillation]]<br /> ** [[Wandering atrial pacemaker]]<br /> ** [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]] (Redirects: [[WPW]])<br /> ** [[Heart block]] (Redirects: [[Atrioventricular block]], [[AV block]], [[SA block]], [[Sinoatrial block]])<br /> *** [[Bundle branch block]] (Redirects: [[Bifascicular block]])<br /> **** [[Left anterior fascicular block]] (Redirects: [[LAFB]])<br /> **** [[Left bundle branch block]] (Redirects: [[LBBB]])<br /> **** [[Left posterior fascicular block]] (Redirects: [[LPFB]])<br /> **** [[Right bundle branch block]] (Redirects: [[RBBB]])<br /> *** [[First-degree atrioventricular block]] (Redirects: [[1st-degree atrioventricular block]])<br /> *** [[Second-degree atrioventricular block]] (Redirects: [[2nd-degree atrioventricular block]], [[Mobitz I]], [[Mobitz II]], [[Wenckebach block]])<br /> *** [[Third-degree atrioventricular block]] (Redirects: [[3rd-degree atrioventricular block]], [[Complete heart block]], [[Trifascicular block]])<br /> ** [[Premature contraction]]<br /> *** [[Premature atrial contraction]] (Redirects: [[PAC]])<br /> *** [[Premature junctional contraction]] (Redirects: [[PJC]])<br /> *** [[Premature ventricular contraction]] (Redirects: [[PVC]])<br /> ** [[Tachycardia]]<br /> *** [[Supraventricular tachycardia]] (Redirects: [[SVT]])<br /> **** [[Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia]] (Redirects: [[AVRT]])<br /> **** [[AV-nodal reentrant tachycardia]] (Redirects: [[AVNRT]])<br /> **** [[Multifocal atrial tachycardia]]<br /> **** [[Sinus tachycardia]]<br /> *** [[Ventricular tachycardia]]<br /> * [[Cardiac tamponade]]<br /> * [[Cardiomyopathy]]<br /> ** [[Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy]]<br /> ** [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]<br /> ** [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] (Redirects: [[HOCM]])<br /> ** [[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]<br /> ** [[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]] (Redirects: [[Broken heart syndrome]], [[Stress cardiomyopathy]])<br /> ** [[Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy]]<br /> * Cardiomegaly<br /> ** [[Left atrial enlargement]] (Redirects: [[LAE]])<br /> ** [[Left ventricular hypertrophy]] (Redirects: [[LVH]])<br /> ** [[Right atrial enlargement]] (Redirects: [[RAE]])<br /> ** [[Right ventricular hypertrophy]] (Redirects: [[RVH]])<br /> * [[Congenital heart defects]]<br /> ** [[Absent pulmonary valve syndrome]]<br /> ** [[Aortopulmonary septal defects]]<br /> *** [[Aortopulmonary window]]<br /> *** [[Double outlet right ventricle]] (Redirects: [[DORV]])<br /> *** [[Persistent truncus arteriosus]] (Redirects: [[PTA]])<br /> *** [[Taussig-Bing syndrome]]<br /> *** [[Transposition of the great vessels]] (Redirects: [[d-TGA]], [[dextro-Transposition of the great arteries]], [[l-TGA]], [[levo-Transposition of the great arteries]], [[TGA]], [[TGV]])<br /> ** [[Atrial septal defect]] (Redirects: [[ASD]], [[Sinus venosus atrial septal defect]])<br /> ** [[Atrioventricular septal defect]] (Redirects: [[Atrioventricular canal defect]], [[Endocardial cushion defect]], [[AVSD]], [[Ostium primum atrial septal defect]])<br /> ** [[Bicuspid aortic valve]]<br /> ** [[Cor triatriatum]]<br /> ** [[Coronary artery anomaly]] (Redirects: [[AAOCA]], [[Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery]])<br /> ** [[Crisscross heart]]<br /> ** [[Dextrocardia]]<br /> ** [[Ebstein's anomaly]]<br /> ** [[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]<br /> ** [[Hypoplastic right heart syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Uhl anomaly]])<br /> ** [[Lutembacher's syndrome]]<br /> ** [[Tetralogy of Fallot]]<br /> ** [[Ventricular inversion]]<br /> ** [[Ventricular septal defect]] (Redirects: [[VSD]])<br /> * [[Congenital vascular malformations]]<br /> ** [[Aberrant subclavian artery]]<br /> ** [[Anomalous pulmonary venous connection]] (Redirects: [[Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection]], [[Scimitar syndrome]], [[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection]])<br /> ** [[Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva]]<br /> ** [[Coarctation of the aorta]]<br /> ** [[Congenital stenosis of vena cava]]<br /> ** [[Double aortic arch]]<br /> ** [[Interrupted aortic arch]]<br /> ** [[Overriding aorta]]<br /> ** [[Patent ductus arteriosus]] (Redirects: [[PDA]])<br /> ** [[Persistent left superior vena cava]]<br /> ** [[Pulmonary atresia]]<br /> ** [[Right-sided aortic arch]]<br /> ** [[Stenosis of pulmonary artery]]<br /> ** [[Vascular ring]]<br /> * [[Coronary artery disease]] (Redirects: [[CAD]])<br /> * [[Coronary steal syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Cardiac steal syndrome]])<br /> * [[Endocarditis]] (Redirects: [[Acute bacterial endocarditis]], [[Infective endocarditis]], [[Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis]], [[Subacute bacterial endocarditis]])<br /> * [[Heart failure]] (Redirects: [[Biventricular heart failure]], [[CHF]], [[Congestive heart failure]], [[Left-sided heart failure]], [[Right-sided heart failure]])<br /> ** [[Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction]] (Redirects: [[HFrEF]], [[Systolic heart failure]])<br /> ** [[Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction]] (Redirects: [[HFpEF]], [[Diastolic dysfunction]], [[Diastolic heart failure]])<br /> ** [[Pulmonary heart disease]]<br /> * [[Gestational hypertension]]<br /> * [[Hypertension (comorbidity)]] (Redirects: [[Essential hypertension]], [[HTN]])<br /> * [[Pericardial effusion]]<br /> * [[Pericarditis]]<br /> * [[Peripheral artery disease]] (Redirects: [[PAD]])<br /> * [[Pulmonary embolism]] (Redirects: [[PE]])<br /> * [[Pulmonary heart disease]] (Redirects: [[Cor pulmonale]])<br /> * [[Pulmonary hypertension]] (Redirects: [[PAH]], [[PH]], [[Pulmonary arterial hypertension]])<br /> * [[Shock]]<br /> ** [[Cardiogenic shock]]<br /> ** [[Obstructive shock]]<br /> ** [[Distributive shock]] (Redirects: [[Septic shock]])<br /> * [[Valvular heart disease]]<br /> ** [[Aortic stenosis]]<br /> ** [[Aortic regurgitation]]<br /> ** [[Mitral stenosis]]<br /> ** [[Mitral regurgitation]]<br /> ** [[Mitral valve prolapse]] (Redirects: [[MVP]])<br /> ** [[Pulmonary valve stenosis]]<br /> ** [[Pulmonary valve regurgitation]] (Redirects: [[Pulmonary valve insufficiency]])<br /> ** [[Tricuspid stenosis]] (Redirects: [[TS]])<br /> ** [[Tricuspid regurgitation]]<br /> <br /> == Cerebrovascular disorders ==<br /> * [[Anterior spinal artery syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Beck's syndrome]])<br /> * [[Carotid artery stenosis]]<br /> * [[Moyamoya disease]]<br /> * [[Epidural hematoma]]<br /> * [[Intracranial aneurysm]] (Redirects: [[Berry aneurysm]], [[Saccular aneurysm]])<br /> * [[Intracranial hemorrhage]] (Redirects: [[Intracerebral hemorrhage]], [[Intraparenchymal hemorrhage]], [[Intraventricular hemorrhage]], [[SAH]], [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]])<br /> * [[Stroke]] (Redirects: [[Cerebral infarction]], [[Cerebrovascular accident]], [[CVA]], [[Hemorrhagic stroke]], [[Ischemic stroke]])<br /> * [[Subdural hematoma]] (Redirects: [[SDH]])<br /> * [[Vertebrobasilar insufficiency]] (Redirects: [[Subclavian steal syndrome]], [[VBI]])<br /> <br /> == Electrolyte disorders ==<br /> * [[Hypercalcemia]]<br /> * [[Hyperkalemia]]<br /> * [[Hypernatremia]]<br /> * [[Hypocalcemia]]<br /> * [[Hypokalemia]]<br /> * [[Hyponatremia]] (Redirects: [[Hypotonic hyponatremia]], [[Isotonic hyponatremia]])<br /> <br /> == Endocrine disorders ==<br /> * [[Acromegaly]]<br /> * [[Adrenal insufficiency]] (Redirects: [[Addison's disease]])<br /> * [[Carcinoid syndrome]]<br /> * [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]<br /> * [[Cushing's syndrome]]<br /> * [[Diabetes insipidus]]<br /> * [[Diabetes mellitus]]<br /> ** [[Gestational diabetes]]<br /> ** [[Type 1 diabetes]] (Redirects: [[DM1]], [[T1D]])<br /> ** [[Type 2 diabetes]] (Redirects: [[DM2]], [[T2D]])<br /> * [[Hyperaldosteronism]] (Redirects: [[Bartter syndrome]], [[Conn syndrome]])<br /> * [[Hyperlipidemia]] (Redirects: [[HLD]])<br /> * [[Hyperparathyroidism]]<br /> * [[Hyperthyroidism]] (Redirects: [[Graves' disease]], [[Thyrotoxicosis]])<br /> * [[Hypoaldosteronism]]<br /> * [[Hypoparathyroidism]]<br /> * [[Hypothyroidism]] (Redirects: [[Cretinism]], [[Euthyroid sick syndrome]], [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], [[Myxedema]])<br /> * [[Kallmann syndrome]]<br /> * [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]] (Redirects: [[Sipple syndrome]], [[Wagenmann-Froboese syndrome]], [[Wermer syndrome]])<br /> * [[Obesity]]<br /> * [[Pheochromocytoma]]<br /> * [[Porphyria]] (Redirects: [[Acute intermittent porphyria]], [[AIP]])<br /> * [[Serotonin syndrome]]<br /> * [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion]] (Redirects: [[SIADH]])<br /> <br /> == Gastrointestinal disorders ==<br /> * [[Acute liver failure]] (Redirects: [[ALF]], [[Fulminant hepatic failure]], [[Hepatic encephalopathy]])<br /> * [[Chronic liver disease]]<br /> ** [[Cirrhosis]] (Redirects: [[Chronic liver failure]])<br /> ** [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]<br /> * [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]] (Redirects: [[Acid reflux]], [[GERD]], [[Heartburn]])<br /> * [[Hepatitis]]<br /> * [[Pyloric stenosis]]<br /> <br /> == Genetic disorders ==<br /> * [[Amyloidosis]]<br /> * [[Andersen-Tawil syndrome]]<br /> * [[Antithrombin III deficiency]]<br /> * [[Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy]]<br /> * [[Bartter syndrome]]<br /> * [[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]]<br /> * [[Brugada syndrome]]<br /> * [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]<br /> * [[Congenital afibrinogenemia]]<br /> * [[Crouzon syndrome]]<br /> * [[Cystic fibrosis]] (Redirects: [[CF]])<br /> * [[Down syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Trisomy 21]])<br /> * [[Dysfibrinogenemia]]<br /> * [[Edwards syndrome]] (Redirects: [[Trisomy 18]])<br /> * [[Ehlers-Danlos syndromes]] (Redirects: [[EDS]])<br /> * [[Epidermolysis bullosa]] (Redirects: [[EB]])<br /> * [[Fabry disease]]<br /> * [[Factor V Leiden]]<br /> * [[Fanconi syndrome]]<br /> * [[Friedreich's ataxia]]<br /> * [[Gitelman syndrome]]<br /> * [[Glanzmann's thrombasthenia]]<br /> * [[Glycogen storage disease]] (Redirects: [[Aldolase A deficiency]], [[Andersen disease]], [[Cori's disease]], [[Forbes' disease]], [[Hers' disease]], [[McArdle disease]], [[Pompe disease]], [[Tarui's disease]], [[von Gierke's disease]])<br /> * [[Gray platelet syndrome]]<br /> * [[Hemophilia]]<br /> * [[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]] (Redirects: [[HHT]], [[Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome]])<br /> * [[Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome]]<br /> * [[Huntington's disease]]<br /> * [[Hypoprothrombinemia]]<br /> * [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]<br /> * [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]<br /> * [[Kallmann syndrome]]<br /> * [[Klippel-Feil syndrome]]<br /> * [[Liddle's syndrome]]<br /> * [[Long QT syndrome]]<br /> * [[Marfan syndrome]]<br /> * [[May-Hegglin anomaly]]<br /> * [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]]<br /> * [[Noonan syndrome]]<br /> * [[Pierre Robin sequence]]<br /> * [[Protein C deficiency]]<br /> * [[Protein S deficiency]]<br /> * [[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]]<br /> * [[Muscular dystrophy]] (Redirects: [[Becker muscular dystrophy]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy]], [[Myotonic muscular dystrophy]])<br /> * [[Neurofibromatosis]]<br /> * [[Mucopolysaccharidosis]] (Redirects: [[Hunter syndrome]], [[Hurler syndrome]], [[Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome]], [[Morquio syndrome]], [[Natowicz syndrome]], [[Sanfilippo syndrome]], [[Scheie syndrome]], [[Sly syndrome]])<br /> * [[Sickle cell disease]]<br /> * [[Timothy syndrome]]<br /> * [[Treacher Collins syndrome]]<br /> * [[VACTERL association]]<br /> * [[von Willebrand disease]]<br /> <br /> == Head and neck disorders ==<br /> * [[Epiglottitis]]<br /> * [[Laryngomalacia]]<br /> * [[Laryngotracheal stenosis]]<br /> * [[Pharyngeal abscess]] (Redirects: [[Peritonsillar abscess]], [[Retropharyngeal abscess]])<br /> * [[Pharyngitis]] (Redirects: [[Strep throat]], [[Tonsillitis]])<br /> <br /> == Hematologic disorders ==<br /> * [[Coagulopathies]]<br /> ** [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]] (Redirects: [[DIC]], [[Purpura fulminans]])<br /> ** Hypercoagulable disorders<br /> *** [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]] (Redirects: [[APLS]], [[APS]])<br /> *** [[Antithrombin III deficiency]] (Redirects: [[ATIII deficiency]])<br /> *** [[Essential thrombocythemia]]<br /> *** [[Factor V Leiden]]<br /> *** [[Protein C deficiency]]<br /> *** [[Protein S deficiency]]<br /> ** Hypocoagulable disorders<br /> *** [[Evans syndrome]]<br /> *** [[Bernard-Soulier syndrome]]<br /> *** [[Congenital afibrinogenemia]]<br /> *** [[Dysfibrinogenemia]]<br /> *** [[Glanzmann's thrombasthenia]]<br /> *** [[Gray platelet syndrome]]<br /> *** [[Hemophilia]] (Redirects: [[Factor IX deficiency]], [[Factor VII deficiency]], [[Factor VIII deficiency]], [[Factor X deficiency]], [[Factor XI deficiency]], [[Factor XII deficiency]], [[Factor XIII deficiency]], [[Haemophilia]], [[Hemophilia A]], [[Hemophilia B]], [[Hemophilia C]])<br /> *** [[Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]] (Redirects: [[HIT]], [[HITT]])<br /> *** [[Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome]]<br /> *** [[Hypoprothrombinemia]]<br /> *** [[Thrombocytopenic purpura]] (Redirects: [[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[ITP]], [[Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[TTP]], [[Upshaw–Schulman syndrome]])<br /> *** [[May-Hegglin anomaly]]<br /> *** [[von Willebrand disease]] (Redirects: [[vWD]])<br /> <br /> == Mediastinal disorders ==<br /> * [[Mediastinal mass]]<br /> * [[Mediastinitis]]<br /> * [[Pneumomediastinum]] (Redirects: [[Mediastinal emphysema]])<br /> <br /> == Musculoskeletal disorders ==<br /> * Congenital musculoskeletal disorders<br /> ** [[Craniosynostosis]]<br /> ** [[Down syndrome]]<br /> ** [[Goldenhar syndrome]]<br /> ** [[Klippel-Feil syndrome]] (Redirects: [[KFS]])<br /> ** [[Pierre Robin sequence]] (Redirects: [[PRS]])<br /> ** [[Treacher Collins syndrome]] (Redirects: [[TCS]])<br /> <br /> == [[Neonatal emergencies]] ==<br /> * [[Abdominal wall defects]]<br /> ** [[Gastroschisis]]<br /> ** [[Omphalocele]]<br /> * [[Choanal atresia]]<br /> * [[Congenital diaphragmatic hernia]]<br /> * [[Esophageal atresia]]<br /> * [[Intestinal obstruction]]<br /> ** [[Congenital aganglionic megacolon]] (Redirects: [[Hirschsprung's disease]])<br /> ** [[Intestinal atresia]]<br /> ** [[Intestinal malrotation]] (Redirects: [[Volvulus]]<br /> ** [[Meconium ileus]]<br /> * [[Necrotizing enterocolitis]] (Redirects: [[NEC]])<br /> * [[Pyloric stenosis]]<br /> * [[Spina bifida]]<br /> * [[Tracheoesophageal fistula]]<br /> <br /> == Neurologic disorders ==<br /> * [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (Redirects: [[ALS]])<br /> * [[Autonomic dysreflexia]]<br /> * [[Chronic pain (comorbidity)]]<br /> * [[Dementia]]<br /> * [[Dysautonomia]]<br /> * [[Essential tremor]]<br /> * [[Huntington's disease]]<br /> * [[Multiple sclerosis]]<br /> * [[Myasthenia gravis]]<br /> * [[Parkinson's disease]]<br /> * [[Seizures]] (Redirects: [[Epilepsy]])<br /> * [[Stroke]]<br /> <br /> == Obstetric disorders==<br /> * [[Amniotic fluid embolism]] (Redirects: [[AFE]])<br /> * [[Ectopic pregnancy]]<br /> * [[Fetal distress]]<br /> * [[Gestational hypertension]]<br /> * [[Gestational diabetes]]<br /> * [[Nuchal cord]]<br /> * [[HELLP syndrome]]<br /> * [[Obstetrical bleeding]]<br /> * [[Placenta accreta spectrum]] (Redirects: [[Accreta]], [[Increta]], [[Percreta]], [[Placenta accreta]], [[Placenta increta]], [[Placenta percreta]])<br /> * [[Umbilical cord prolapse]]<br /> * [[Uterine rupture]]<br /> * [[Vasa previa]]<br /> <br /> == Psychiatric disorders ==<br /> * [[Generalized Anxiety disorder]] (Redirects: [[Anxiety]], [[GAD]])<br /> * [[Major depressive disorder]] (Redirects: [[Depression]], [[MDD]])<br /> * [[Substance abuse]] (Redirects: [[Drug abuse]])<br /> <br /> == Pulmonary disorders ==<br /> * [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]] (Redirect: [[ARDS]])<br /> * [[Asthma]]<br /> * [[Atelectasis]]<br /> * [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (Redirects: [[COPD]])<br /> * [[Cystic fibrosis]]<br /> * [[Lung cancer]]<br /> * [[Obstructive sleep apnea]] (Redirects: [[OSA]])<br /> * [[Pleural effusion]]<br /> * [[Pneumonia]]<br /> * [[Pneumothorax]]<br /> * [[Pulmonary edema]]<br /> * [[Pulmonary embolism]] (Redirects: [[PE]])<br /> * [[Pulmonary hypertension]]<br /> * [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2]] (Redirects: [[Coronavirus]], [[COVID-19]], [[SARS-CoV-2]])<br /> <br /> == Renal disorders ==<br /> * [[Acute renal failure]]<br /> * [[Bartter syndrome]]<br /> * [[Diabetes insipidus]]<br /> * [[Chronic kidney disease]] (Redirects: [[CKD]])<br /> * [[Fanconi syndrome]]<br /> * [[Gitelman syndrome]]<br /> * [[Liddle's syndrome]]<br /> * [[Uremia]]<br /> <br /> =Perioperative management=<br /> *[[Enhanced recovery after surgery|Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS)]]<br /> *[[Perioperative prevention of chronic pain]]<br /> *[[Perioperative visual loss]]<br /> ==Preoperative management==<br /> *[[Preoperative patient assessment]]<br /> *[[Preoperative medication management|Preoperative medication management]]<br /> *[[NPO guidelines]]<br /> ==Postoperative management==<br /> *[[Postoperative pain management]]<br /> ===Postoperative complications===<br /> *[[Dental injury]]<br /> *[[Intraoperative awareness]]<br /> *[[Postoperative nausea and vomiting|Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)]]<br /> *[[Residual neuromuscular blockade]]<br /> <br /> =Intraoperative emergencies=<br /> *[[Acute coronary syndrome]] (Redirects: [[MI]], [[Myocardial infarction]], [[Myocardial ischemia]])<br /> *[[Amniotic fluid embolism]] (Redirects: [[AFE]])<br /> *[[Anaphylaxis]]<br /> *[[Asystole]]<br /> *[[Bradycardia (intraoperative emergency)]]<br /> *[[Bronchospasm]]<br /> *[[Cardiac arrest]]<br /> *[[Delayed emergence]]<br /> *[[Difficult airway algorithm]]<br /> *[[Fire (intraoperative emergency)]] (Redirects: [[Airway fire]])<br /> *[[Hypertension (intraoperative emergency)]]<br /> *[[Hypotension (intraoperative emergency)]]<br /> *[[Hypoxemia (intraoperative emergency)]]<br /> *[[Laryngospasm]]<br /> *[[Local anesthetic systemic toxicity]] (Redirects: [[LAST]])<br /> *[[Malignant Hyperthermia]]<br /> *[[Oxygen failure]]<br /> *[[Pneumothorax]]<br /> *[[Power failure]]<br /> *[[Total spinal anesthesia]]<br /> *[[Transfusion reaction]]<br /> *[[Pulseless electrical activity]] (Redirects: [[PEA arrest]])<br /> *[[Supraventricular tachycardia (intraoperative emergency)]] (Redirects: [[SVT (intraoperative emergency)]])<br /> *[[Venous air embolism]] (Redirects: [[VAE]])<br /> *[[Ventricular fibrillation]] (Redirects: [[VF]], [[Vfib]])<br /> *[[Ventricular tachycardia]] (Redirects: [[Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia]], [[Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]], [[Torsades de pointes]], [[VT]], [[Vtach]])<br /> <br /> =Intraoperative monitoring=<br /> *[[Arterial blood pressure]] (Redirects: [[ABP]])<br /> *[[Capnography]] (Redirects: [[End-tidal CO2]], [[EtCO2]])<br /> *[[Central venous pressure]] (Redirects: [[CVP]])<br /> *[[Cerebral oximetry]] (Redirects: [[ScO2]])<br /> *[[Core temperature]]<br /> *[[Echocardiography]]<br /> **[[Transesophageal echocardiography]] (Redirects: [[TEE]])<br /> **[[Transthoracic echocardiography]] (Redirects: [[TTE]])<br /> *[[Electrocardiography]] (Redirects: [[5-lead electrocardiogram]], [[ECG]])<br /> *[[Electroencephalography]] (Redirects: [[BIS]], [[Bispectral index]], [[EEG]], [[Entropy monitoring]], [[Patient state index]], [[PSI]], [[SedLine]], [[Spectral edge frequency]])<br /> *[[Intracranial pressure]] (Redirects: [[ICP]])<br /> *[[Neuromonitoring]]<br /> **[[Brainstem auditory evoked potentials]] (Redirects: [[BAEPs]])<br /> **[[Motor evoked potentials]] (Redirects: [[MEPs]])<br /> **[[Somatosensory evoked potentials]] (Redirects: [[SSEPs]])<br /> **[[Visual evoked potentials]] (Redirects: [[VEPs]])<br /> *[[Pleth variability index]] (Redirects: [[PVI]])<br /> *[[Pulse oximetry]] (Redirects: [[Plethysmography]], [[SpO2]])<br /> *[[Pulse pressure variation]] (Redirects: [[PPV]])<br /> *[[Precordial doppler]]<br /> *[[Pulmonary artery pressure]] (Redirects: [[PAP]])<br /> *[[Peripheral IV]] (Redirects: [[IV]], [[Large bore IV]], [[PIV]])<br /> *[[Urine output]] (Redirects: [[UOP]])<br /> <br /> = Neuraxial and regional anesthesia =<br /> * [[Local anesthetics]]<br /> * [[Local anesthetic adjuvants]]<br /> * [[Local anesthetic toxicity]] (Redirects: [[LAST]])<br /> <br /> ==[[Neuraxial anesthesia]]==<br /> *[[Caudal anesthesia]]<br /> *[[Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia]] (Redirects: [[CSE]])<br /> *[[Epidural anesthesia]] (Redirects: [[Epidural]])<br /> **[[Lumbar epidural]]<br /> **[[Thoracic epidural]]<br /> *[[Post-dural-puncture headache]] (Redirects: [[PDPH]])<br /> *[[Spinal anesthesia]] (Redirects: [[Spinal]])<br /> *[[Total spinal anesthesia]]<br /> <br /> == [[Regional anesthesia]] ==<br /> * [[Bier block]]<br /> * [[Local anesthetics]]<br /> * [[Local anesthetic adjuvants]]<br /> <br /> === [[Head and neck nerve blocks]] ===<br /> * [[Blocks for awake tracheal intubation]]<br /> * [[Cervical plexus block]]<br /> * [[Scalp block]]<br /> <br /> === [[Upper extremity nerve blocks]] ===<br /> * [[Blocks at the elbow]]<br /> * [[Brachial plexus blocks]]<br /> ** [[Interscalene block]]<br /> ** [[Supraclavicular block]]<br /> ** [[Infraclavicular block]]<br /> ** [[Axillary block]]<br /> * [[Digital block]]<br /> * [[Wrist block]]<br /> <br /> === [[Thoracic and abdominal wall blocks]] ===<br /> * [[Intercostal nerve block]]<br /> * [[Pectoralis nerve block]]<br /> * [[Quadratus lumborum block]] (Redirects: [[QL block]])<br /> * [[Serratus plane block]]<br /> * [[Transversus abdominis plane block]] (Redirects: [[TAP block]])<br /> * [[Truncal block]] (Redirects: [[Iliohypogastric nerve block]], [[Ilioinguinal nerve block]], [[Rectus sheath block]])<br /> <br /> === [[Lower extremity nerve blocks]] ===<br /> * [[Ankle block]]<br /> * [[Fascia iliaca block]]<br /> * [[Femoral nerve block]]<br /> * [[Lumbar plexus block]]<br /> * [[Obturator nerve block]]<br /> * [[Popliteal nerve block]]<br /> * [[Saphenous nerve block]]<br /> * [[Sciatic nerve block]]<br /> <br /> = Pharmacology =<br /> * [[Equianalgesic]] (Redirects: [[MME]], [[Morphine milligram equivalent]])<br /> * [[Pharmacodynamics]]<br /> * [[Pharmacokinetics]]<br /> ** [[Blood-gas partition coefficient]]<br /> ** [[Context sensitive half-life]]<br /> ** [[Drug metabolism]]<br /> ** [[Elimination]]<br /> ** [[Ion trapping]]<br /> ** [[Redistribution]]<br /> *Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics<br /> **Definitions and history<br /> **Therapeutic class concerns<br /> **Pediatric considerations<br /> **Clinical implications and costs<br /> **Terminology<br /> <br /> == Drug reference ==<br /> === Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ===<br /> * [[Edrophonium]]<br /> * [[Neostigmine]] (Redirects: [[Bloxiverz]])<br /> * [[Physostigmine]]<br /> <br /> === [[Adrenergic receptor modulators]] ===<br /> Redirects: [[Alpha agonists]], [[Alpha antagonists]], [[Beta agonists]]<br /> * Alpha-1 agonists<br /> ** [[Ephedrine]]<br /> ** [[Epinephrine]] (Redirects: [[Adrenaline]])<br /> ** [[Norepinephrine]] (Redirects: [[Noradrenaline]])<br /> ** [[Phenylephrine]] (Redirects: [[Neosynephrine]])<br /> * Alpha-1 antagonists<br /> ** [[Labetalol]]<br /> ** [[Phenoxybenzamine]]<br /> ** [[Phentolamine]]<br /> * Alpha-2 agonists<br /> ** [[Clonidine]] (Redirects: [[Catapres]])<br /> ** [[Dexmedetomidine]] (Redirects: [[Precedex]])<br /> * Beta agonists<br /> ** Beta-1 selective agonists<br /> *** [[Dobutamine]]<br /> ** [[Ephedrine]]<br /> ** [[Epinephrine]]<br /> ** [[Isoprenaline]] (Redirects: [[Isoproterenol]])<br /> ** [[Norepinephrine]]<br /> * [[Beta blockers]] (Redirects: [[Beta antagonists]])<br /> ** Beta-1 selective antagonists<br /> *** [[Esmolol]] (Redirects: [[Brevibloc]])<br /> *** [[Metoprolol]]<br /> ** [[Labetalol]]<br /> <br /> === [[Analgesics]] ===<br /> * [[Acetaminophen]] (Redirects: [[Tylenol]])<br /> * [[Analgesic adjuvants]]<br /> ** [[Gabapentin]] (Redirects: [[Neurontin]])<br /> ** [[Ketamine]]<br /> ** [[Lidocaine]]<br /> ** [[Pregabalin]] (Redirects: [[Lyrica]])<br /> * [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]] (Redirects: [[NSAIDs]])<br /> ** [[Aspirin]] (Redirects: [[Acetylsalicylic acid]])<br /> ** [[Celecoxib]] (Redirects: [[Celebrex]])<br /> ** [[Ibuprofen]]<br /> ** [[Ketorolac]] (Redirects: [[Toradol]])<br /> * [[Opioid analgesics]]<br /> ** [[Alfentanil]]<br /> ** [[Buprenorphine]]<br /> ** [[Codeine]]<br /> ** [[Fentanyl]]<br /> ** [[Hydrocodone]]<br /> ** [[Hydromorphone]]<br /> ** [[Methadone]]<br /> ** [[Meperidine]]<br /> ** [[Morphine]]<br /> ** [[Oxycodone]]<br /> ** [[Remifentanil]]<br /> ** [[Sufentanil]]<br /> <br /> === [[Antibiotics]] ===<br /> * [[Cefazolin]] (Redirects: [[Ancef]], [[Kefzol]])<br /> * [[Clindamycin]] (Redirects: [[Cleocin]])<br /> * [[Vancomycin]]<br /> <br /> === Anticholinergics ===<br /> * [[Atropine]]<br /> * [[Glycopyrrolate]]<br /> <br /> === Antidotes ===<br /> * [[Andexanet alfa]] (Redirects: [[Andexxa]])<br /> * [[Atropine]]<br /> * [[Dantrolene]]<br /> * [[Flumazenil]]<br /> * [[Glucagon]]<br /> * [[Hydroxocobalamin]] (Redirects: [[Vitamin B12]])<br /> * [[Idarucizumab]] (Redirects: [[Praxbind]])<br /> * [[Methylene blue]] (Redirects: [[Methylthioninium chloride]])<br /> * [[Physostigmine]]<br /> * [[Naloxone]]<br /> * [[Protamine]]<br /> * [[Sugammadex]] (Redirects: [[Bridion]])<br /> <br /> === [[Antiemetics]] ===<br /> * [[Aprepitant]] (Redirects: [[Fosaprepitant]], [[Emend]])<br /> * [[Dexamethasone]]<br /> * [[Granisetron]] (Redirects: [[Kytril]])<br /> * [[Haloperidol]] (Redirects: [[Haldol]])<br /> * [[Metoclopramide]] (Redirects: [[Reglan]])<br /> * [[Ondansetron]] (Redirects: [[Zofran]])<br /> * [[Prochlorperazine]] (Redirects: [[Compazine]])<br /> * [[Promethazine]] (Redirects: [[Phenergan]])<br /> * [[Propofol]]<br /> * [[Scopolamine]] (Redirects: [[Hyoscine]])<br /> <br /> === Antifibrinolytics ===<br /> * [[Tranexamic acid]] (Redirects: [[TXA]])<br /> <br /> === Antihistamines ===<br /> * [[Diphenhydramine]] (Redirects: [[Benadryl]])<br /> * [[Famotidine]] (Redirects: [[Pepcid]])<br /> <br /> === Antithrombotics ===<br /> * Antiplatelet drugs<br /> ** [[Aspirin]]<br /> ** [[Clopidogrel]] (Redirects: [[Plavix]])<br /> ** [[Ticagrelor]] (Redirects: [[Brilinta]])<br /> * Anticoagulants<br /> ** [[Apixaban]] (Redirects: [[Eliquis]])<br /> ** [[Argatroban]]<br /> ** [[Dabigatran]] (Redirects: [[Pradaxa]])<br /> ** [[Fondaparinux]]<br /> ** [[Heparin]]<br /> ** [[Low-molecular-weight heparin]] (Redirects: [[Enoxaparin]], [[Lovenox]], [[LMWH]])<br /> ** [[Rivaroxaban]] (Redirects: [[Xarelto]])<br /> ** [[Warfarin]] (Redirects: [[Coumadin]])<br /> * Thrombolytics<br /> ** [[Tissue plasminogen activator]] (Redirects: [[Alteplase]], [[tPA]])<br /> ** [[Streptokinase]]<br /> <br /> === Anxiolytics ===<br /> * [[Diazepam]]<br /> * [[Lorazepam]]<br /> * [[Midazolam]]<br /> <br /> === Benzodiazepines ===<br /> * [[Diazepam]] (Redirects: [[Valium]])<br /> * [[Flumazenil]]<br /> * [[Lorazepam]] (Redirects: [[Ativan]])<br /> * [[Midazolam]] (Redirects: [[Versed]])<br /> <br /> === [[Chronotropes]] ===<br /> Redirects: [[Negative chronotropes]], [[Positive chronotropes]]<br /> * Negative chronotropes<br /> ** [[Adenosine]]<br /> ** [[Beta blockers]]<br /> *** [[Esmolol]]<br /> *** [[Labetalol]]<br /> *** [[Metoprolol]]<br /> * Positive chronotropes<br /> ** [[Atropine]]<br /> ** [[Dobutamine]]<br /> ** [[Dopamine]]<br /> ** [[Ephedrine]]<br /> ** [[Epinephrine]]<br /> ** [[Glycopyrrolate]]<br /> ** [[Isoprenaline]]<br /> ** [[Milrinone]]<br /> ** [[Norepinephrine]]<br /> <br /> * Electrolytes<br /> ** [[Calcium chloride]]<br /> ** [[Calcium gluconate]]<br /> ** [[Magnesium sulfate]]<br /> ** [[Potassium chloride]]<br /> <br /> === Diuretics ===<br /> <br /> * [[Furosemide]]<br /> * [[Mannitol]]<br /> <br /> === [[General anesthetics]] ===<br /> * [[Inhalational anesthestics]] (Redirects: [[Volatile anesthetics]])<br /> ** [[Chloroethane]] (Redirects: [[Ethyl chloride]])<br /> ** [[Chloroform]]<br /> ** [[Cyclopropane]]<br /> ** [[Desflurane]] (Redirects: [[Suprane]])<br /> ** [[Diethyl ether]] (Redirects: [[Ether]])<br /> ** [[Enflurane]]<br /> ** [[Halothane]] (Redirects: [[Fluothane]])<br /> ** [[Isoflurane]] (Redirects: [[Forane]])<br /> ** [[Methoxyflurane]]<br /> ** [[Nitrous oxide]]<br /> ** [[Sevoflurane]] (Redirects: [[Ultane]])<br /> ** [[Xenon]]<br /> * [[Intravenous anesthetics]]<br /> ** [[Etomidate]] (Redirects: [[Amidate]])<br /> ** [[Ketamine]] (Redirects: [[Esketamine]], [[Ketalar]])<br /> ** [[Methohexital]] (Redirects: [[Brevital]])<br /> ** [[Propofol]] (Redirects: [[Diprivan]])<br /> ** [[Thiopental]] (Redirects: [[Sodium pentothal]])<br /> <br /> === Imaging dyes ===<br /> * [[Fluorescein]]<br /> * [[Indocyanine green]]<br /> * [[Methylene blue]] (Redirects: [[Methylthioninium chloride]])<br /> <br /> === [[Inodilators]] ===<br /> * [[Dobutamine]]<br /> * [[Milrinone]] (Redirects: [[Primacor]])<br /> <br /> === [[Inotropes]] ===<br /> Redirects: [[Negative inotropes]], [[Positive inotropes]]<br /> * Negative inotropes<br /> ** [[Beta blockers]]<br /> * Positive inotropes<br /> ** [[Calcium chloride]]<br /> ** [[Calcium gluconate]]<br /> ** [[Dobutamine]]<br /> ** [[Dopamine]]<br /> ** [[Ephedrine]]<br /> ** [[Epinephrine]]<br /> ** [[Isoprenaline]]<br /> ** [[Milrinone]]<br /> ** [[Norepinephrine]]<br /> <br /> === [[Intravenous fluids]] ===<br /> * [[Albumin]]<br /> * [[Hetastarch]] (Redirects: [[Hydroxyethyl starch]])<br /> * [[Intravenous sugar solution]] (Redirects: [[D5]], [[D50]], [[D5W]], [[D5NS]], [[D5LR]])<br /> * [[Normal saline]] (Redirects: [[NS]])<br /> * [[Lactated Ringer's]] (Redirects: [[LR]])<br /> * [[Normosol]]<br /> * [[Plasma-lyte]]<br /> * [[Sodium bicarbonate]]<br /> <br /> === [[Local anesthetics]] ===<br /> * [[Benzocaine]]<br /> * [[Bupivacaine]] (Redirects: [[Marcaine]])<br /> * [[Chloroprocaine]] (Redirects: [[Nesacaine]])<br /> * [[Procaine]] (Redirects: [[Novocain]], [[Novocaine]])<br /> * [[Lidocaine]] (Redirects: [[Xylocaine]])<br /> * [[Mepivacaine]] (Redirects: [[Carbocaine]])<br /> * [[Ropivacaine]] (Redirects: [[Naropin]])<br /> * [[Tetracaine]]<br /> <br /> === [[Local anesthetic adjuvants]] ===<br /> * [[Clonidine]]<br /> * [[Epinephrine]]<br /> * [[Fentanyl]]<br /> * [[Hydromorphone]]<br /> * [[Ketamine]]<br /> * [[Midazolam]]<br /> * [[Morphine]]<br /> * [[Neostigmine]]<br /> * [[Sufentanil]]<br /> * [[Sodium bicarbonate]]<br /> <br /> === [[Neuromuscular blockers]] ===<br /> * [[Cisatracurium]] (Redirects: [[Nimbex]])<br /> * [[Mivacurium]]<br /> * [[Rocuronium]] (Redirects: [[Zemuron]])<br /> * [[Succinylcholine]] (Redirects: [[Anectine]])<br /> * [[Vecuronium]]<br /> <br /> === [[Opioids]] ===<br /> * [[Opioid analgesics]]<br /> ** Opium alkaloids and derivatives<br /> *** [[Buprenorphine]] (Redirects: [[Subutex]])<br /> *** [[Codeine]]<br /> *** [[Hydrocodone]] (Redirects: [[Vicodin]])<br /> *** [[Hydromorphone]] (Redirects: [[Dilaudid]])<br /> *** [[Morphine]]<br /> *** [[Oxycodone]] (Redirects: [[Oxycontin]], [[Roxicodone]])<br /> ** Synthetic opioids<br /> *** [[Alfentanil]] (Redirects: [[Alfenta]])<br /> *** [[Fentanyl]] (Redirects: [[Sublimaze]])<br /> *** [[Methadone]]<br /> *** [[Meperidine]] (Redirects: [[Demerol]], [[Pethidine]])<br /> *** [[Remifentanil]] (Redirects: [[Ultiva]])<br /> *** [[Sufentanil]] (Redirects: [[Sufenta]])<br /> ** [[Tramadol]] (Redirects: [[Ultram]])<br /> * Opioid antagonists<br /> ** [[Naloxone]] (Redirects: [[Narcan]])<br /> ** [[Naltrexone]]<br /> * [[Buprenorphine/naltrexone]] (Redirects: [[Suboxone]])<br /> <br /> === [[Sedative hypnotics]] ===<br /> * [[Dexmedetomidine]]<br /> * [[Etomidate]]<br /> * [[Ketamine]]<br /> * [[Methohexital]]<br /> * [[Midazolam]]<br /> * [[Propofol]]<br /> * [[Thiopental]]<br /> <br /> === Steroids ===<br /> * [[Dexamethasone]] (Redirects: [[Decadron]])<br /> * [[Hydrocortisone]]<br /> <br /> === [[Uterotonics]] ===<br /> * [[Carboprost]] (Redirects: [[Hemabate]])<br /> * [[Methylergometrine]] (Redirects: [[Methergine]], [[Methylergonovine]])<br /> * [[Misoprostol]] (Redirects: [[Cytotec]])<br /> * [[Oxytocin]] (Redirects: [[Pitocin]])<br /> <br /> === [[Vasodilators]] ===<br /> * Calcium channel blockers<br /> ** [[Clevidipine]] (Redirects: [[Cleviprex]])<br /> ** [[Nicardipine]] (Redirects: [[Cardene]])<br /> ** [[Nimodipine]] (Redirects: [[Nimotop]])<br /> * Nitrovasodilators<br /> ** [[Nitric oxide]] (Redirects: [[NO]])<br /> ** [[Nitroglycerin]]<br /> ** [[Nitroprusside]] (Redirects: [[Nipride]], [[SNP]], [[Sodium nitroprusside]])<br /> * Pulmonary vasodilators<br /> ** [[Nitric oxide]] (Redirects: [[NO]])<br /> ** [[Epoprostenol]] (Redirects: [[Flolan]], [[Prostacyclin]], [[Prostaglandin I2]])<br /> * [[Dobutamine]]<br /> * [[Fenoldopam]] (Redirects: [[Corlopam]])<br /> * [[Hydralazine]]<br /> * [[Milrinone]]<br /> * [[Sildenafil]] (Redirects: [[Revatio]], [[Viagra]])<br /> <br /> === [[Vasoconstrictors]] ===<br /> * [[Ephedrine]]<br /> * [[Epinephrine]]<br /> * [[Phenylephrine]]<br /> * [[Norepinephrine]]<br /> * [[Dopamine]]<br /> * [[Vasopressin]] (Redirects: [[Vasostrict]])<br /> <br /> === Other drugs ===<br /> * [[Octreotide]]<br /> <br /> =[[:Category:Transfusion medicine|Transfusion medicine]]=<br /> ==[[:Category:Blood products|Blood products]]==<br /> *[[Packed red blood cells|Packed red blood cells (pRBCs)]]<br /> *[[Fresh frozen plasma|Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)]]<br /> *[[Platelets]]<br /> *[[Cryoprecipitate]]<br /> <br /> =Procedures in anesthesia =<br /> *[[Airway procedures]]<br /> *[[Neuraxial anesthesia]]<br /> *[[Regional anesthesia]]<br /> *Vascular access procedures<br /> **[[Arterial line]]<br /> **Central line<br /> ***[[Central venous catheter|Central venous catheter (CVC)]]<br /> ***[[Introducer sheath|Introducer sheath (Cordis)]]<br /> ***[[Peripherally inserted central catheter|Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)]]<br /> **[[Peripheral IV|Peripheral IV (PIV)]]<br /> **Midline Catheter<br /> **[[Microintroducer]]<br /> **[[Rapid infusion catheter|Rapid infusion catheter (RIC)]]<br /> <br /> =[[Subspecialties in anesthesia]]=<br /> *[[Cardiothoracic anesthesia]]<br /> *[[Critical care medicine]]<br /> *[[Neuroanesthesia]]<br /> *[[Obstetric anesthesia]]<br /> *[[Pain medicine]]<br /> *[[Pediatric anesthesia]]<br /> *[[Pediatric cardiac anesthesia]]<br /> *[[Perioperative medicine]]<br /> *[[Regional anesthesia and acute pain]]<br /> *[[Transplant anesthesia]]</div>

Richardpboyd https://wikianesthesia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharmacogenetics_and_pharmacogenomics&diff=14135 2022-10-05T02:49:45Z

<p>Richardpboyd: Content to be filed under the main &quot;pharmacology&quot; section</p> <hr /> <div>==Definitions and history==<br /> Since the human genome was mapped in 2003, there have been continuous efforts to use this information to enhance the field of medicine&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. Predicting a patient’s response to medications and preventing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are two goals specific to the field of anesthesia, where providers regularly see high variability in how their patients respond. A number of factors, such as age, sex, and underlying chronic conditions can affect a patient’s peri-operative response to anesthesia. Additionally, genetics have been shown to play a role, with up to 50% of severe ADRs demonstrating a genetic predisposition&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. ADRs (including post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV), malignant hyperthermia (MH), and hemodynamic instability) are estimated to extend post-operative hospital stays by 1-4 days at an increased cost of $2300-$5600&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.<br /> <br /> The earliest description of pharmacogenetics came in the late 1950s, shortly after the discovery that prolonged paralysis after succinylcholine administration could be linked to genetic causes&lt;sup&gt;4, 5&lt;/sup&gt;. '''Pharmacogenetics''' was defined as a variable response to a medication based on a single genetic variation&lt;sup&gt;6, 7&lt;/sup&gt;. Later, as the understanding of genetics progressed, the term '''pharmacogenomics''' was used to include all of the various genes within the human genome that may be affecting a drug response. Genetic variation can affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics by altering the drug target, metabolism, uptake/transport, and other various biochemical processes that can lead to ADRs.<br /> <br /> ==Therapeutic class concerns==<br /> <br /> ===Benzodiazepines===<br /> Commonly used for pre-operative anxiolysis, most benzodiazepines are metabolized by the hepatic CYP enzyme system. Although polymorphisms within the genes encoding CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 have been shown to either increase or decrease midazolam metabolism (depending on the specific variation), this has not been demonstrated to have any clinical significance &lt;sup&gt;3, 8&lt;/sup&gt;. Alternatively, polymorphisms within CYP2C19 genes can decrease diazepam clearance, increasing its half-life up to four times the typical duration.<br /> <br /> ===Opioids===<br /> Pain is an extremely complex process, and genetic variability can contribute to differences in opioid requirements, potential of ADRs, and drug metabolism. Perception of pain, and thus opioid demand in the peri- and post-operative periods, has been linked to mutation in the gene for the mu-opioid receptor OPRM1&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;. There are six currently identified polymorphisms at the mu receptor that cause clinically relevant alterations in opioid efficacy, the most studied of which (A118G) has been shown to increase post-operative opioid requirements in the first 24-hours following surgery. The A118G mutation has also demonstrated reduced severity of PONV and sedation&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, indicating that these patients are able to tolerate the higher doses of opioid required for pain relief.<br /> <br /> The enzyme catechol O-methyl transferase (COMT) has also been demonstrated to play a role in the perception of pain, through its modulation of adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways. The Val158Met polymorphism of COMT has up to a fourfold reduction in enzymatic activity, and was associated with reduced binding of opioid and reduced mu-receptor binding of carfentanil in a study by Zubieta ''et al''&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt;. Although more study on the significance of this are needed, it may indicate that those with COMT mutations have higher pain control requirements.<br /> <br /> Transport of opioids into the central nervous system (CNS) have been shown to be affected by polymorphisms in the p-glycoprotein ABCB1 gene&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;. Patients with the rs9282564 polymorphism were shown to have increased respiratory depression following post-operative fentanyl administration, with subsequent increases in the length of hospital admission. However, opioid demands for analgesia among those with the mutation remained similar to those without it.<br /> <br /> Metabolism of opioids has also been linked to genetic mutation. Codeine, which must be converted to its metabolite morphine to exert an analgesic effect, is rendered ineffective in patients with specific mutations of the CYP2D6 gene that decrease its function&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;. Other patients have mutations that enhance the activity of CYP2D6&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;, or even have more than two copies of the CYP2D6 gene&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt;, creating a spectrum of those ranging from poor-metabolizers to ultra-rapid metabolizers. Therapeutic doses of codeine in patients with ultra-rapid metabolism may therefore lead to doses of morphine well above those needed to achieve analgesia, producing ADRs such as respiratory depression.<br />              Other enzymes are also related to the metabolism of opioids such as oxycodone, fentanyl, and alfentanil. In addition to CYP2D6, the CYP3A4 enzyme plays a major role in the pharmacokinetics of these medications. Much like CYP2D6, the other CYP enzymes have known polymorphisms that create a spectrum of slow and fast metabolizers. Biologic sex plays a further role, with CYP3A4 metabolism being approximately 40% more rapid in females, potentially explaining why females are three times more likely to have inter-operative awareness or awaken quickly from total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA)&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Mutations in the uridine diphosphate gylcosyl transferase enzyme genes (C161T and C802T, always inherited together) cause increased glucuronidation of morphine. In a patient with functioning kidneys, the downstream metabolic products of this (~50% morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and ~10% morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G)) will be renally eliminated and the patient will experience decreased analgesic effect. However, in a patient with renal disease, these products will accumulate and produce neurotoxic and other negative side effects&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;.<br /> <br /> ===IV anesthetic agents===<br /> Genes encoding enzymatic metabolism are responsible for variability in response to multiple intravenous anesthetic agents, including propofol, ketamine, etomidate, thiopental, and methohexital. Of these agents, most studies have concerned propofol and ketamine&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;. The enzyme primarily responsible for inter-patient variability in both of these agents is CYP2B6, with CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 playing minor (and less studied) roles. In patients with the CYP2B6*6 variant, decreased metabolism was encountered, leading to longer wake-up times and more drowsiness&lt;sup&gt;2, 8&lt;/sup&gt;. After observations that females frequently required higher induction doses and awoke faster from propofol infusion than males, it was discovered that those carrying the T allele of CYP2B6 c.516C&gt;T had increased dose requirements to achieve the same effect. The UGT1A9 gene, although responsible for a majority of propofol metabolism via glucuronidation, is responsible for less variation than CYP2B6. However, patients with the 188T/G variant required higher induction doses of propofol, and those with the 188T/C mutation had higher propofol clearance.<br /> <br /> The target of many anesthetics, the GABA&lt;sub&gt;A&lt;/sub&gt; receptor, has been shown to have in-vitro resistance to benzodiazepines, barbiturates, etomidate, and propofol when it includes an epsilon subunit. The GABRE gene encoding this mutation has not been proven to cause clinically significant differences in human studies, but more research may be needed&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;.<br /> <br /> ===Volatile anesthetics===<br /> Sevoflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane are largely excreted unchanged by the lungs, with less than 2% undergoing hepatic metabolism by the CYP2E1 enzyme&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;. No clinically significant mutations in the genes encoding for this enzyme have been discovered to date&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. However, halothane undergoes 20% hepatic metabolism and has been linked to the development of fulminant hepatitis. No studies have been done on CYP2E1 in this group, and further investigation is warranted.<br /> <br /> The melanocortin-1 receptor gene (MC1R) is associated with mutations leading to higher anesthetic requirements&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;. Three specific mutations (R151C, R160W, and D294H) have been linked to higher intra-operative desflurane and analgesic requirements. Of note, these mutations also result in the phenotype of red hair and pale skin.<br /> <br /> Malignant hyperthermia (MH), an uncontrolled release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle leading to many deleterious effects, can be induced by both volatile anesthetics and succinylcholine. It has been linked to genetic variation in the RYR1 gene in about 70% of cases&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt;. The alpha&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; subunit of L-type calcium channels within skeletal muscle T-tubules has also been indicated in 1% of North American cases&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. The prevalence of RYR1 mutations in the US is estimated at 1: 2,000&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, but the incidence of MH is only about 1: 50,000. It is thought this discrepancy is due to the fact that there are many yet unknown factors that also contribute to the development of MH.<br /> <br /> ===Neuromuscular blockers===<br /> One of the most well-known pharmacogenetic conditions is that of butyrylcholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) deficiency. A single mutation in the BChE gene (Asp70Gly) on chromosome 3q26 causes prolongation of the effects of succinylcholine and mivacurium&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. In those patients who are heterozygous for Asp70Gly, the effects of neuromuscular blockade may be prolonged three to eight times that of normal&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. In those who are homozygous for the polymorphism, this may extend the prolongation to sixty times that of normal, causing these patients to require prolonged mechanical ventilation. Some gene variants may also modify the efficacy of rocuronium, but the clinical significance of this is uncertain&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt;.<br /> <br /> ===Local anesthetics===<br /> Lidocaine may have reduced efficacy for analgesia in patients carrying mutations in the SCN9A or MCR1 genes&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt;.<br /> <br /> ===Autonomic nervous system modulators===<br /> Dexmedetomidine, an alpha-2 agonist, has demonstrated interpatient variability due to subtypes of the alpha-2 receptor. In one study of patients undergoing CABG, the ADRA2A G allele polymorphism caused patients to be less sedated&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;. Other mutations in the alpha-2 receptor have also been found to cause statistically significant differences in blood pressure among patients when dexmedetomidine was administered.<br /> <br /> Although numerous studies have investigated genetic variation in the beta&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; (ADRB1) and beta&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (ADRB2) adrenergic receptors, the clinical relevance to the peri-operative period is weak. However, the Gly16 or Glu27 polymorphisms of the ADRB2 gene were associated with lower ephedrine and phenylephrine requirements to raise systolic blood pressure in obstetric patients undergoing Caesarean section&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt;.<br /> <br /> ===Antiemetics===<br /> Two variants of the p-glycoprotein ABCB1 gene (C3435T and G2677T) have been demonstrated to cause increased chemo-therapy induced nausea and vomiting, despite treatment with ondansetron&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. The effect was theorized to be from increased activity at the p-glycoprotein efflux pump, preventing therapeutic levels of ondansetron from accumulating in the CNS. CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizers can also have an increased rate of failure with ondansetron or tropisetron therapy&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;.<br /> <br /> ==Pediatric considerations==<br /> A number of genetic considerations affecting anesthesiology have been found to be specific to children. Nitrous oxide use is associated with an irreversible inhibition of vitamin B12, and all of the downstream biochemical processes related to this&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;. At issue for the pediatric patient are the formation of the myelin sheath, various neurotransmitters, and DNA synthesis. When a mutation occurs in the MTHFR gene, repeated exposure to nitrous oxide can lead to deterioration of neurologic processes, and possible death. The prevalence of the most common mutations (677C&gt;T and 1298A&gt;C) is up to 10% in Western Europe, 25% in Southern Europe and East Asia, and 36% in Mexico&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;.<br /> <br /> Malignant hyperthermia, described earlier, occurs in children at a rate much higher than adults (1:15,000 versus 1:50,000)&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. The reason for this is yet unknown, but it is thought that this also demonstrates how MH behaves as a complex genetic disease.<br /> <br /> In young children, mutations at the gamma&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; subunit of the GABA-A receptor were associated with greater incidence of emergence agitation following sevoflurane administration&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;.<br /> <br /> Codeine administration in children who are CYP2D6 ultra-metabolizers can be extremely dangerous. With standard doses, children can experience dangerously high exposure to morphine, leading to respiratory depression and death. After multiple cases of documented harm in the US, the FDA added a black-box warning to codeine for post-operative pain in children, urging providers to choose a different medication that did not undergo conversion to an active metabolite.<br /> <br /> ==Clinical implications and cost==<br /> It is clear that genetic variations across the human genome are associated with a number of pharmacotherapy concerns directly applicable to the field of anesthesiology. With narrow therapeutic indexes and high inter-patient variability, anesthetic medications are prime targets for pharmacogenomic guided therapy. Future pre-operative testing may include panels to categorize CYP enzyme function, MH risk, and the optimal opioid to prescribe for post-operative pain control. This information could then be stored in its own section of the electronic medical record, and cross-checked against all future medication prescribing, much like the alerts physicians currently receive when a patient has an allergy to a medication they are trying to order.<br /> <br /> Despite the continuously declining costs of these tests, the question of cost versus benefit remains. An excellent example is that of MH, which has an incidence of 1: 50,000 adults. If about 70% of these are related to an RYR1 mutation, the MH associated mutations would be expected in about 1: 71,000 adults. At a cost of $100 per test (with most tests available today at a cost actually much higher than this&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;), this would equate to a cost of about $7 million to prevent MH in just one adult surgical patient. However, if testing were restricted to only first-degree relatives of those known to have experienced MH the incidence falls to 1: 4, meaning a cost of only $400 to prevent an episode.<br /> <br /> Ethical issues regarding genetic testing should be mentioned, as well. If testing of any type were to be paid by a patient’s insurance, they would then have access to that specific genetic information. Currently, patients are protected from being denied coverage based on pre-existing genetic conditions by laws such as GINA and the Affordable Care Act, but this was not true in the past and could change again in the future. If a patient demonstrated certain genetic variations that were relevant to anesthesia, could an insurance company possibly deny coverage of intra-operative medications based on the fact that these are not shown to be effective with their polymorphisms? What if the genetic variation tested, although benign for anesthetic purposes, was then used to deny coverage for a different disease state? Patients should be carefully counseled before all genetic tests to ensure they understand the implications.<br /> <br /> Many other medications related to surgical procedures have pharmacogenomic considerations as well, including warfarin, clopidogrel, and omeprazole, among others&lt;sup&gt;4, 6, 7&lt;/sup&gt;. As further research is done, perhaps our knowledge of the human genome will not only guide prescribing of the best medication for each individual patient, but also help to develop specific therapies that are more effective and avoid the most worrisome adverse effects to keep our patients safe.<br /> <br /> ==Terminology==<br /> For a thorough review of terminology relevant to pharmacogenetics and pharmacodynamics, please refer to source articles #6 and #7.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> 1.      Hemmings HC, Egan TD, Heerdt P, Chan JM. Drug Metabolism and Pharmacogenetics. In: ''Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application''. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:70-90.<br /> <br /> 2.      Aroke EN, Dungan JR. Pharmacogenetics of anesthesia. ''Nursing Research''. 2016;65(4):318-330. doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000164<br /> <br /> 3.      Palmer SN, Giesecke NM, Body SC, et al. Pharmacogenetics of anesthetic and analgesic agents. ''Anesthesiology''. 2005;102(3):663-671. doi:10.1097/00000542-200503000-00028<br /> <br /> 4.      Landau R, Bollag LA, Kraft JC. Pharmacogenetics and anaesthesia: The value of genetic profiling. ''Anaesthesia''. 2012;67(2):165-179. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06918.x<br /> <br /> 5.      Coté Charles J, Lerman J, Anderson BJ, Chidambaran V, Sadhasivam S. Pharmacogenomics. In: ''A Practice of Anesthesia for Infants and Children''. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:81-99.<br /> <br /> 6.      Brunton LL, Knollmann Björn C., Roden DM, Van Driest SL. Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics. In: ''Goodman &amp; Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics''. 14th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2023.<br /> <br /> 7.      Loscalzo J, Kasper DL, Longo DL, et al. Pharmacogenomics. In: ''Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine''. 21st ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2022.<br /> <br /> 8.      Awad H, Ahmed A, Urman RD, Stoicea N, Bergese SD. Potential role of pharmacogenomics testing in the setting of enhanced recovery pathways after surgery. ''Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine''. 2019;Volume 12:145-154. doi:10.2147/pgpm.s198224<br /> <br /> 9.      Morgan B, Aroke EN, Dungan J. The Role of Pharmacogenomics in Anesthesia Pharmacology. ''Annual Review of Nursing Research''. 2017;35(1):241-256. doi:10.1891/0739-6686.35.241<br /> <br /> 10.  Zubieta J, Heitzeg M, Smith Y, et al. COMT val158met genotype affects mu-opioid neurotransmitter responses to a pain stressor. ''Science''. 2003;299(5610):1240-1243. doi:10.1126/science.1078546<br /> <br /> 11.  Behrooz A. Pharmacogenetics and anaesthetic drugs: Implications for perioperative practice. ''Annals of Medicine and Surgery''. 2015;4(4):470-474. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2015.11.001<br /> <br /> 12.  Andersen G, Christrup L, Sjøgren P. Relationships among morphine metabolism, pain and side effects during long-term treatment: an update. ''Journal of Pain and Symptom Management''. 2003;25(1):74-91. doi:10.1016/s0885-3924(02)00531-6</div>

Richardpboyd